日本环境保护立法及污染物排放标准的启示

论述了日本环境保护的法律体系,探讨了大气污染防治立法及水污染防治立法的发展过程.系统分析了日本大气和水污染物排放标准体系,并介绍了最新日本国家统一排放标准.日本污染物排放标准的制订及其实施制度值得中国借鉴.污染物排放标准制订应具有科学性和可操作性,中国氮氧化物污染严重,应纳入总量控制.为了保证污染物排放标准的顺利实施,中国应完善法律制度;运用已有的行政体制落实各级环保部门的职责,完善监督制度;提高国民的环保意识,逐步实现全民参与环境保护.     

日本机动车颗粒物(PM)总量控制制度及效果分析

机动车排放是城市大气颗粒物(PM)污染的主要来源之一。为改善空气质量,防治PM污染,日本2002年开始实施机动车PM总量控制制度。介绍了日本机动车PM总量控制的内容及对策,并对实施效果进行了分析,总结讨论了其对中国的启示。具体控制对策包括机动车单体对策、交通量及交通需求调整对策和局地污染对策等,并以东京为例介绍严格的柴油车PM排放控制对策。日本实施机动车PM总量控制制度在机动车保有量控制和空气质量改善方面取得明显成效:2002-2012年,日本机动车保有量增长缓慢,货运车总量持续下降,低公害车迅速普及,机动车种类比例不断调整;空气悬浮颗粒(SPM)和PM2.5年均浓度持续下降,其中SPM的机动车监测点下降率达40%。日本机动车PM总量控制制度在制定专门法规、优化交通系统和严控柴油车排放等方面的经验值得中国在制定和实施机动车PM防控措施时学习和借鉴。     

污染场地异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放标准研究

污染物排放标准是环境治理的基本手段和环境监管的基本依据。鉴于国内针对污染场地异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放标准体系尚不明确,结合工程案例,对不同地区异位热脱附工程运行过程中大气污染物排放的执行标准进行梳理。结果表明,目前异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放缺乏行业执行标准,主要依托综合型、通用型和行业型国家、地方标准进行管理,存在标准年限跨度大、特征污染物指标体现不够、热脱附过程中二次污染物监控不全、指标限值宽严有异等问题。最后,结合国内节能减排的新形势,提出制定统一排放标准、固定周期更新标准内容、增加行业特征污染物管控指标、强化热解过程二次污染物识别与监测、适当收严污染物排放限值、强化污染物总量控制等建议加强异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放管理。     

小型燃油锅炉大气污染物的排放管理控制

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康,空气质量和气候变化具有非常重要的影响;管理控制是控制污染物排放的重要手段.以85台小型燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)燃料特性分析数据和污染物排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,分析了中国在用燃油品质以及大气污染物的排放现状,讨论了小型燃油锅炉大气污染物排放管理控制的潜力与可行性.结果表明,对燃油品质的管理控制是有效控制燃烧过程大气污染物排放的重要措施,分别有95%和98%燃油的灰分和含硫量符合国家相关规定;所有测试锅炉PM排放浓度远低于<锅炉大气污染物排放标准>(GB/T 13271-2001)规定的最高允许排放限值,有90%以上的锅炉达到GB/T 13271～2001中SO2最高允许排放限值,有84%的锅炉达到GB/T 13271-2001中NOx最高允许排放限值;与其他国家相比,中国对小型燃油锅炉常规大气污染物排放的管理控制处于中等水平,应当适时开展对有害空气污染物的管理控制.     

瑞典市政污水处理的管理措施及启示

随着中国市政污水处理厂建成率不断提高,如何对污水处理厂所排放的污染物实施有效管理,避免其对环境造成"二次污染",成为亟待解决的问题。瑞典经济发达,自然环境优美,其在加强市政污水处理的相关立法、提升市政污水处理能力、控制市政污水处理厂氮磷排放以及污泥中有毒有害物质方面理念先进,成效显著。对比中国市政污水处理及污染物排放管理现状,瑞典的做法和经验值得中国思考和借鉴。     

美国温室气体排放标准立法评析及经验借鉴

对具有代表性的美国俄勒冈州《能源设备二氧化碳排放标准》和加州《机动车温室气体排放标准》的立法进行简要评价,并就中国气候变化立法提出相关建议。《能源设备二氧化碳排放标准》是美国国内旨在降低温室气体排放水平的第1部立法,该标准与温室气体排放权交易制度相衔接,标准执行具有灵活性;《机动车温室气体排放标准》的制定注重消费者权益保障,以及环境效益和经济效益之间的平衡。中国温室气体排放标准的制定与实施要与现行污染物防治制度、能源制度相协调,并探索与碳排放交易制度的融合。     

炼焦行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异分析

随着炼焦技术、污染治理水平的进步,中国炼焦行业的整体格局和水平已发生重大变化,现行污染物排放标准已不能适应炼焦发展新形势的需要,《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171-2012)于2012年10月1日开始实施,同时不再执行《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456-92)和《炼焦炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 16171-1996).从适用范围、包含范围、排放限值以及污染物控制因子变化4个方面对比分析了炼焦行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异.最后从焦炉类型选择和环保措施选择两方面提出了炼焦行业应对新污染物排放标准的建议.     

陕西坚持生态立省环境优先 全面落实政府区域治理责任

正陕西省发布《陕西省人民政府关于加强环境保护推进美丽陕西建设的决定》(以下简称《决定》),要求坚持实施生态立省和环境优先战略,执行最严格的环境保护制度,下大力气解决好关系群众切身利益的大气、水、土壤等突出环境问题。突出抓好"治污降霾·保卫蓝天"工程是《决定》提出的重要任务。根据《决定》,陕西将建立区域大气污染联防联控长效机制,实行以大气环境质量改善为目标的考核办法,全面落实政府区域治理责任。实行大气污染物排放量等量或倍量削减,对大气环境质量超标城市,其新受理的排放大气污染物的项目实行倍量削减替代,实现增产减污。     

合成氨煤制气吹风气回收装置尾气排放适用标准的探讨

对环境标准的不同理解容易造成标准选择的差异.在收集现有大气污染物排放标准的基础上,依据标准制订及执行原则,逐一对目前合成氨煤制气吹风气回收装置尾气污染物排放执行的3项标准进行合理性分析.筛选出适用的合成氨煤制气吹风气回收装置尾气污染物排放标准.以期通过此次环境标准的合理性比选.为环境标准选择提供一种正确思路和方法.     

燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制方案研究

基于中国燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放及治理现状,并结合国家相关产业政策和国内外技术发展趋势,以2008年为基准年,分析测算了2015、2020年燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物排放量,提出了适合中国国情的燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物控制技术路线.依据研究的控制方案,2015年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为507万、458万、230万t;2020年,烟尘、二氧化硫及氮氧化物排放量分别为491万、423万、269万t.与2008年相比,大气污染物排放量变化不大,基本上做到了增容不增污.在此基础上,提出了燃煤工业锅炉大气污染物防治建议.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.