污水土壤含水层处理系统原理、管理、效率和应用

论述了污水土壤含水层处理系统中的地球化学过程.该系统通过对污染物的机械过滤、生物化学转化和降解过程、吸附/解吸过程、氧化/还原过程、沉淀/溶解过程、以及矿物的合成过程净化污水.运作周期通常为1～2 d灌水/4～5 d排干,年水力负荷变化于15～100 m之间,应根据季节变化调整水力负荷.该系统能有效去除污水中的微生物和悬浮物,降低COD和BOD含量,和去除潜在的有毒的无机成分,如重金属和含氧阴离子.作为一种低投资、低能耗、高净化效率、运行简单的自然的污水处理技术,其在世界各国得到了广泛应用.我国部分地区水资源极其短缺,在土壤和气候条件适合的地区,应用土壤含水层处理技术处理污水,实现污水资源化,既解决了污水污染环境问题,又将在一定程度上缓解该地区的水资源短缺问题,对于经济与环境的协调发展具有重要意义.     

地下渗滤系统在污染处理中的应用研究进展

地下渗滤系统是一种基于自然生态原理的污水净化技术，在我胃着良好的可行性和发展前景，本文总结介绍了地下渗滤系统的类型，概括分析了地下渗滤系统中的关键性问题－土壤的选择与配制，水力负荷的选取，氮磷去除问题和土壤堵塞问题。     

地下渗滤系统在污水处理中的应用研究进展

地下渗滤系统是一种基于自然生态原理的污水净化技术 ,在我国有着良好的可行性和发展前景。本文总结介绍了地下渗滤系统的类型 ,概括分析了地下渗滤系统中的关键性问题———土壤的选择与配制、水力负荷的选取、氮磷去除问题和土壤堵塞问题     

人工湿地-沉水植物塘组合系统治理村镇污染水体

采用人工湿地-沉水植物塘组合系统在不同水力负荷(200、500、1 000mm/d)条件下对村镇污染水体净化效果进行研究。结果表明:在不同水力负荷和污染负荷下,组合系统整体运行稳定、耐负荷能力强、去除效果良好;出水COD达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类标准,出水总磷达到GB 3838—2002的Ⅴ类标准,出水总氮达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准,出水氨氮达到GB 18918—2002的一级B标准。除溶解性正磷酸盐以外,组合系统对污染物的去除效果均随着水力负荷的增加整体呈现出下降趋势,低水力负荷去除效果最优。沉水植物塘在氮、磷去除效果上优于人工湿地,而人工湿地在COD去除效果上则优于沉水植物塘。     

直物收割频率对水生植物滤床深度处理养猪废水的影响

采用水生植物滤床系统深度处理养猪废水,开展了不同收割频率条件下系统对污水净化效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,当水力负荷为5cm／d时,植物收割频率的增加会降低系统对TN和TP的去除效果,而对COD的去除效果则无明显影响。当不进行植物收割时,系统对养猪废水的净化效果最好,对COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为71．26％、34．32％和29．52％。因此,合适的植物收割频率是强化APFB系统处理效果的关键因素。     

沟渠式生物接触氧化法对有机物和氨氮的去除研究

生物接触氧化工艺是目前较为成熟的水质净化技术,国内外在河流水质净化、水体修复中都有较多的研究和应用.在实验室采用沟渠式生物接触氧化组合系统处理模拟村庄面源污水,较好地去除了有机物并实现氨氮转化.结果表明,当进水COD为130～290mg/L、氨氮为30～40mg/L、水力负荷为0.19～0.24m3/(m2·d)的条件下,该系统稳定运行11周,COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别达85%和79%.     

水葫芦对萘的降解作用研究

分别在静态和动态两种条件下，以水葫芦为对象，对水生植物净化塘处理萘污水进行研究。结果表明，在静态试验中，水葫芦净化塘对浓度为2．5、6．5和16．1mg／L萘污水的7d净化率分别为97．1％、93．7％和90．4％。动态试验中，相同浓度萘污水7d后的出水净化效率分别为99．2％—99．9％、97．3％—98．6％和94．6％—96．7％。进水浓度分别为1．2mg／L和6．5mg／L萘污水在水葫芦净化塘中的最佳停留时间分别为5d和7d，水葫芦净化塘动态过程的净化效率高于静态过程。     

植物收割频率对水生植物滤床深度处理养猪废水的影响

采用水生植物滤床系统深度处理养猪废水,开展了不同收割频率条件下系统对污水净化效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,当水力负荷为5 cm/d时,植物收割频率的增加会降低系统对TN和TP的去除效果,而对COD的去除效果则无明显影响。当不进行植物收割时,系统对养猪废水的净化效果最好,对COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为71.26%、34.32%和29.52%。因此,合适的植物收割频率是强化APFB系统处理效果的关键因素。     

地下渗滤系统处理农村生活污水的研究

在天津武清区一村落构建了2个并行的地下渗滤系统,考察了其对农村生活污水的处理效果。该系统水力负荷为10 cm/d,处理能力为50 t/d。填充介质选用土壤、陶粒、炉渣和两种自然有机质,按5∶2∶2∶1的比例配置的人工土层。结果表明地下渗滤系统对污水中各种主要污染因子均有一定的去除效果,在进水COD和C/N较低的不利条件下,COD、总磷、氨氮、总氮、悬浮物均得到有效去除,出水中各项污染指标平均浓度均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级A标准;具体到不同的污染指标,添加了不同有机质的2个并行系统的处理效果也有所不同。总体上看,地下渗滤系统作为农村生活污水的处理设施有很好的应用前景。     

up-BAF同步硝化反硝化工艺去除污染物的机理研究

阐述了同步硝化反硝化的原理,研究了上向流曝气生物滤池(up—BAF)同步硝化反硝化工艺对城市生活污水的处理效果及规律。研究结果表明,同步硝化反硝化工艺对COD、NH3-N的去除率随填料高度的增加而增加,最下层50cm厚滤料去除污染物的效果最好,该工艺脱氮效果不理想,TN去除率只有30％左右。当水力负荷在2．39m／h以下时,水力负荷对COD、NH3-N去除的影响较小。     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths.     

Lead,mercury, cadmium,chromium, nickel,copper, zinc,calcium, iron,manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.     

Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen supply and tropospheric ozone on spring wheat-II. Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn)

CO(2) enrichment is expected to alter leaf demand for nitrogen and phosphorus in plant species with C(3) carbon dioxide fixation pathway, thus possibly causing nutrient imbalances in the tissues and disturbance of distribution and redistribution patterns within the plants. To test the influence of CO(2) enrichment and elevated tropospheric ozone in combination with different nitrogen supply, spring wheat (Tritium aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was exposed to three levels of CO(2) (361, 523, and 639 microl litre(-1), 24 h mean from sowing to final harvest), two levels of ozone (28.4 and 51.3 nl litre(-1)) and two levels of nitrogen supply (150 and 270 kg ha(-1)) in a full-factorial design in open-top field chambers. Additional fertilization experiments (120, 210, and 330 kg N ha(-1)) were carried out at low and high CO(2) levels. Macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg) and three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) were analysed in samples obtained at three different developmental stages: beginning of shoot elongation, anthesis, and ripening. At each harvest, plant samples were separated into different organs (green and senescent leaves, stem sections, ears, grains). According to analyses of tissue concentrations at the beginning of shoot elongation, the plants were sufficiently equipped with nutrients. Elevated ozone levels neither affected tissue concentrations nor shoot uptake of the nutrients. CO(2) and nitrogen treatments affected nutrient uptake, distribution and redistribution in a complex manner. CO(2) enrichment increased nitrogen-use efficiency and caused a lower demand for nitrogen in green tissues which was reflected in a decrease of critical nitrogen concentrations, lower leaf nitrogen concentrations and lower nitrogen pools in the leaves. Since grain nitrogen uptake during grain filling depended completely on redistribution from vegetative pools in green tissues, grain nitrogen concentrations fell considerably with severe implications for grain quality. Ca, S, Mg and Zn in green tissues were influenced by CO(2) enrichment in a similar manner to nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations in green tissues, on the other hand, were not, or only slightly, affected by elevated CO(2). In stems, 'dilution' of all nutrients except manganese was observed, caused by the huge accumulation of water soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructans, in these tissues under CO(2) enrichment. Whole shoot uptake was either remarkably increased (K, Mn, P, Mg), nearly unaffected (N, S, Fe, Zn) or decreased (Ca) under CO(2) enrichment. Thus, nutrient cycling in plant-soil systems is expected to be altered under CO(2) enrichment.     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats,monkeys, and humans--a critical review

The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans.     

Phthalic acid esters in grains,vegetables, and fruits: concentration,distribution, composition,bio-accessibility,and dietary exposure

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi’an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility,...