PDA的制备及其对水体中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的去除性能

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,Span-80和Tween-80为乳化剂,液体石蜡为分散相,采用分批加料法,反相乳液聚合制备二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物(PDA)。研究内容包括单体配比、引发剂配比、油水体积比和pH值对产物特性粘度的影响。研究获得的优化聚合条件为:单体质量比(DMDAAC∶AM)为2∶8,引发剂质量比(NaHSO3∶K2S2O8)为5∶3,油水体积比为1∶1.2,pH值为8。选用自制PDA用于去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)时,在絮凝剂PDA的投加量为0.60 mg/L,pH值为10时,DMP的去除效果最好,去除率达到98.31%。     

浓缩脱水污泥水混凝预处理效果及混凝剂的选择

以白龙港污水处理厂浓缩脱水污泥水为处理对象,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对污泥水颗粒物沉降特性和污染物去除效果的影响,比较了PAC、聚合氯化铁(PFC)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(cPAM)和阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(aPAM)对浓缩脱水污泥水的预处理效果。实验结果表明,PAC的投加可以去除颗粒态污染物和溶解态的磷,但其形成絮体粒径随PAC投加量增大而减小,导致污泥沉降性能恶化。因此,PAC不适合浓缩脱水污泥水的混凝预处理。与PAC相比,投加PFC、cPAM和aPAM均能有效去除颗粒态污染物,并改善污泥水沉降性能,其中cPAM的预处理效果最佳。     

碳酸根型镁铝水滑石对铬酸根和磷酸根离子的吸附性能

为研究水滑石类材料对水体中铬酸根和磷酸根离子的同时吸附去除性能,采用共沉淀法合成碳酸根型镁铝水滑石(Mg-Al-CO3LDHs),利用傅立叶转换红外光谱、X射线晶体衍射、表面积、X光吸收近边结构等手段对合成材料进行表征,并研究Mg-Al-CO3LDHs在不同初始浓度、p H、吸附时间、阴离子干扰条件下同时去除铬酸根和磷酸根离子的性能。结果表明,Mg-Al-CO3LDHs对铬酸根和磷酸根离子最大吸附量分别为0.042 mmol/g和0.146 mmol/g。吸附动力学实验数据的拟合结果以Elovich为最佳。竞争实验表明,溶液中含有少量磷酸根离子即可抑制铬酸根离子的吸附,但铬酸根离子对磷酸根离子的吸附影响不大。X光吸收近边结构结果表明,铬与构造中心的铝产生键结而吸附。     

高分子絮凝剂SSXA的合成工艺及其在含Cu2+ 废水处理中的应用

以淀粉(ST)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、NaOH、CS2为原料,以硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂合成一种新型的高分子絮凝剂--可溶性淀粉基黄原酸酯-聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(SSXA).以SSXA去除Cu2+性能为依据确定最佳合成条件.结果表明,AM:ST=4:1(摩尔比),ST:NaOH:CS2=2:4:3(摩尔比),黄原酸酯化反...     

两性高分子污泥脱水剂P(AM-DAC-AMPS)的表征与应用

采用三元自由基水溶液聚合法,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,经过复合引发制备了两性高分子脱水剂P(AM-DAC-AMPS),简称为PADA).采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电镜(TEM)对结构进行了表征,结果证明聚合物为三元共聚物,并具有良好的直链结构.经过PA-DA、CPAM调理后的污泥最佳比阻(r)分别为1.58×109s2/g和1.8×109s2/g,离心后含水率分别为77.4％和78.1％;污泥沉降速度分别为0.3 mL/min和0.25 mL/min;污泥滤液中,多糖去除率分别为70.3％和40.7％,蛋白质去除率分别为31.5％和17.5％;表明PADA比CPAM具有更好的脱水性能.并且通过SEM观察,发现PADA的调理增强了污泥絮体的密实性.     

壳聚糖接枝共聚物的合成及应用研究

在N2保护下,以浓度为0.8 mmol/L硝酸铈铵为引发剂,控制壳聚糖(CTS)和丙烯酰胺(AM)质量比为mCTS∶mAM=1∶6,于50℃下接枝共聚反应3 h,得改性的壳聚糖衍生物(CAM).用IR对产物进行表征.通过对废水的处理,研究了共聚产物在絮凝、COD去除、脱色上的应用.结果表明:CAM的絮凝效果好于聚丙烯酰胺和壳聚糖,CAM对COD的去除率达到84.7%,并有较好的脱色效果.     

含油污泥清洗剂的制备与研究

以异丙醇为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)和苯乙烯(St)为混合单体,通过溶液聚合的方法制备一种含油污泥清洗剂.介绍了该清洗剂的制备方法,考察了单体用量及清洗条件对清洗剂脱油性能的影响,探讨了清洗剂对含油污泥中原油不同组分的去除效率,并用红外光谱证实了所制备共聚物结构的官能团.清洗剂性能评价表明:单体用量和清洗条件均有最佳值,其中单体最佳质量比为MAA:BA:St=21:62:17,最佳清洗条件分别是:加药浓度为250 mg/L,水洗温度为60℃,反应时间为40 min;清洗剂对含油污泥中芳烃去除率最高,达93.0%.     

磁性水滑石快速吸附水体中Cu(Ⅱ)离子

为了探究磁性水滑石对水体中Cu(Ⅱ)离子的去除效果,利用四氧化三铁对水滑石进行磁化,用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪表征磁性水滑石。然后,探究磁性水滑石在不同吸附温度、时间、pH、投加量等条件下去除模拟废水中Cu(Ⅱ)的性能。结果表明,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量为32.36 mg/g,吸附动力学结果表明,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附在前90 min基本完成。溶液保持pH 5.6~6.5时,磁性水滑石对Cu(Ⅱ)有良好的吸附效率。磁性水滑石可以再生循环利用3~4次。实验证明,磁性水滑石是一种良好的Cu(Ⅱ)吸附剂。     

制药废水中青霉素与厌氧污泥的相互作用机制

通过批式实验考察了制药废水中青霉素G钠盐与厌氧污泥的相互作用机制.结果表明:青霉素G钠盐的水(降)解反应符合伪一级动力学,在纯水、灭活和活性厌氧污泥条件下的速率常数分别为0.048、0.121 6和0.128 3 h-1.灭活厌氧性污泥因其絮体表面的亲核官能团显著提高了青霉素G钠盐的水(降)解速率,活性厌氧污泥因其生物...     

黄原胶辐射接枝共聚物对Cd~(2+)的吸附研究

利用60Co-γ为辐射源,在氮气保护下对黄原胶(XG)和丙烯酰胺(AM)进行共辐射,制备黄原胶/丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(XG-g-AM)。研究了XG-g-AM对Cd2+的吸附行为,利用红外光谱(IR)、热重分析(TGA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对接枝共聚物及吸附产物进行表征。结果表明:XG-g-AM对Cd2+离子吸附等温线符合Freund lich等温方程,吸附Cd2+使XG-g-AM结晶结构被进一步破坏,结晶度下降。25℃下,Cd2+浓度20 mmol/L时,吸附时间100 m in,平衡吸附量为0.835mmol/g。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.