一株苯并[a]芘高效降解真菌的筛选与降解特性

从长期受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中分离出一株能够降解苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的真菌,经鉴定为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)(命名为BF-1),并对其以B[a]P为唯一碳源进行反复驯化,考察了B[a]P浓度、不同重金属和培养基对其降解能力的影响.结果表明,菌株BF-1在B[a]P浓度为5mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养约6d的条件下,降解速度最快,B[a]P的降解率达68.28%.BF-1在B[a]P浓度分别为10与25mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养6d的条件下,B[a]P的降解率分别为73.29%与87.36%.Cu2+(50mg.L-1)基本不影响BF-1对B[a]P的降解率;Cd2+(100mg.L-1)、Pb2+(300mg.L-1)对BF-1降解B[a]P有一定影响,但仍表现出较高的耐受能力;而Zn2+(200mg.L-1)对BF-1有明显的抑制作用.选用含5mg.L-1B[a]P的土豆葡萄糖液体培养基,6d后B[a]P的降解率为71.31%.对比前述实验结果表明,培养基对B[a]P降解率的影响并不明显.因此,BF-1的应用价值较高.     

苯并[a]芘降解菌SL-1的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性

从土壤中筛选出一株以苯并[a]芘为唯一碳源的高效降解菌SL-1,经形态观察、生理生化分析以及16SrDNA基因序列分析,该菌株鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseudomonassp．）。28℃震荡培养10d后,菌株SL-1对5mg·L^-1苯并[a]芘的降解率为35．7％;同时测定该降解菌的生长曲线、降解率变化曲线、最佳培养条件;土壤修复试验表明,42d时,降解菌SL-1对苯并芘的降解率达到76．3％。     

一株苯并[a]芘降解菌-紫茉莉联合修复污染土壤的研究

从长期受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中获得1株高效降解菌BB-1,经鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium.为了考察菌株的降解特性,将10和20 mg·L~(-1)的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)加入到培养液中并在30℃下振荡培养8 d.结果表明,BB-1对不同浓度的B[a]P的降解率分别为52.1%和23.5%,B[a]P浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时降解效果更优.将不同重金属外加到培养液中,Cu2+(50 mg·L~(-1))和Cd2+(100 mg·L~(-1))能在一定程度上影响BB-1对B[a]P的生物降解作用,但菌株仍有很强的耐受性;Zn2+(200 mg·L~(-1))和Pb2+(300 mg·L~(-1))会显著影响降解效果.为了研究菌BB-1与植物的联合降解修复作用,通过对比研究将该菌株加入到种植紫茉莉的B[a]P污染土壤中,在未加入BB-1的污染土壤中,紫茉莉在开花期和成熟期对B[a]P的降解率分别为27.42%±1.99%和51.31%±3.06%,在加入BB-1的污染土壤中降解率分别为68.22%±1.21%和77.16%±0.62%,可见加入菌株BB-1后能显著提高紫茉莉对土壤中B[a]P的降解效率.为确定降解作用的菌株来源,分别对比了非根际和根际土壤中的B[a]P含量,发现在开花期和成熟期任何一种处理的根际土中B[a]P残留浓度都小于非根际土,说明土壤中B[a]P的去除主要是源于根际的作用.在植物修复的基础上,添加能耐受一定重金属浓度的高效B[a]P降解菌,能提高B[a]P降解率,有望为日后大规模田间应用提供可靠的技术参数.     

真菌对土壤中苯并[a]芘的共代谢降解

研究了模拟生物泥浆法修复多环芳烃污染土壤.选择了几种从石油污染土壤中分离出来的真菌,研究它们对土壤内苯并[a]芘的降解,并研究了土壤内共存底物:菲、芘、邻苯二甲酸对苯并[a]芘降解的影响,及其之间的共代谢过程.结果表明,芘可以促进镰刀菌、毛霉对苯并[a]芘的降解,并认为这是共代谢作用的结果;菲也可以促进镰刀菌对苯并[a]芘的降解,但抑制了毛霉和青霉对苯并[a]芘的降解;而邻苯二甲酸对青霉和毛霉降解苯并[a]芘的过程均有抑制作用.      

两株降解芘的分枝杆菌的筛选鉴定及降解性能

为获得芘降解细菌,从中国南方地区采集了受PAHs严重污染的土壤与污泥样品.利用平板升华法,分离到2个菌株W52和W74.经形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA的序列分析,2个菌株被鉴定为分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.).在含芘膜的固体平板上培养,W52和W74在23d中降解芘分别达到13.2Iμg和11.8μg.在含芘50mg·L-1和lOOmg·L-1的无机盐液体中培养,2d时W52的芘降解率达57.8%和20.5%.W74达19.2%和4.O%;随着培养时间的延长,芘降解率不断提高;在第10ci时W52的芘降解率分别达到96.3%和82.3%,W74达83.8%和64·5%.在固体和液体条件下降解芘的结果表明,W52降解芘的能力强于W74.鉴于W52和W74末端双加氧化酶中编码a大亚基的nida基因存在明显差异,推断二者降解芘的能力不同与它们的末端双加氧酶有关.     

铜(Cu~(2+))对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性试验

用中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪进行毒性试验 ,在 1 8～ 2 0℃水温下 ,铜 ( Cu2 + )对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的 2 4 h、4 8h和 96h的 LC5 0分别为 0 .52 68/mg· L- 1 、0 .3 51 2 /mg· L- 1 和 0 .2 62 1 /mg· L- 1 ,其安全浓度为 0 .0 2 62 1 /mg· L- 1 ,在鱼病防治中铜 ( Cu2 + )对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪具有一定的危害。     

溴氨酸降解菌株的分离鉴定及特性研究

从污泥样品中分离得到一株溴氨酸降解菌,该菌株能够以溴氨酸为唯一碳、氮源及能源生长.通过形态、生理生化特性分析以及对16SrDNA序列进行同源比较,鉴定该菌株属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属,定名为Sphingomonasxenophaga .菌株的最适降解与生长条件为:pH =7 0 ,温度3 0℃,转速15 0r·min- 1 ,接种量8% .在最佳条件下,溴氨酸的降解率可达90 %以上,菌株可耐受的溴氨酸浓度为10 0 0mg·L- 1 .通过分析菌株对水杨酸、邻苯二酚及邻苯二甲酸的利用情况,推测该菌株可能通过邻苯二酚的代谢途径降解溴氨酸.     

纳米锐钛型TiO2催化超声降解甲基对硫磷农药的研究

采用高温活化处理过的纳米锐钛型TiO2 为催化剂,研究了各种因素对有机磷农药的代表性化合物———甲基对硫磷超声降解反应的影响.结果表明,在纳米锐钛型TiO2 的作用下,甲基对硫磷的超声降解效果明显优于单纯使用超声的降解.降解过程符合一级动力学反应.在超声波频率40kHz,输出功率5 0W ,催化剂用量10 0 0mg·L- 1 ,pH为5 0 0 ,温度为2 0℃,甲基对硫磷水溶液初始浓度5 0mg·L- 1 的条件下,5 0min时的降解率即可达到95 %以上.     

蜡状芽胞杆菌对芘的降解特性及降解酶研究

考察蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)对水体中芘的降解特性,分析其代谢产物和降解酶的活性.结果表明,1 mg·L-1Mn2+、0.1 mg·L-1Fe3+和10 mg·L-1葡萄糖混合物对芘的降解有明显促进作用;1 g·L-1菌体在120 h内对2.5μmol·L-1芘的降解率达到61.4%.利用LC-MS/MS分析芘代谢产物,检测到1-萘酚、2-萘酚、9-羟基菲和1-羟基芘4种单羟基多环芳烃,表明芘在单加氧酶作用下开环降解,且B.cereus能有效分解利用4种代谢产物,其最高利用率分别为100%、90.3%、98.3%和52.7%.酶活力分析实验结果表明,B.cereus具有的水杨酸羟化酶,邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶和邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶在芘的降解中起关键作用,其酶活力经芘诱导后均有明显提高.结合产物分析及酶活测定,推断B.cereus对芘的降解途径以及降解过程是由单加氧酶和双加氧酶联合起作用.     

Photo-Fenton法降解水中新型污染物双氯芬酸及降解产物的毒性评价

研究了photo-Fenton反应对非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的降解和矿化.同时,探讨了H2O2、Fe2+初始浓度、pH值等因素对photo-Fenton反应的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,并进行了各种氧化法的比较.结果表明,对于UV/H2O2/Fe2+反应系统下双氯芬酸的降解,其降解速率受到反应条件的强烈影响.双氯芬酸初始浓度为20mg·L-1时,适宜操作条件是pH值为5,初始FeSO4浓度为5mg·L-1,初始H2O2浓度为200mg·L-1.在最佳条件下,各种氧化法的降解能力趋势为UV/Fenton>UV/H2O2>Fenton>UV.由于反应中有中间产物的生成,双氯芬酸的矿化过程要长于降解过程,其生物毒性也是随着反应的进行先增大而后减小.     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

公众环境意识与可持续发展关系初探

目前,国内存在的各种环境问题,归根到底是由于发展战略的不同所致,人们开始重新去认识和评价传统发展战略的局限性,标志着人类文明即将步入一个被称之"环境文明"新的历史时代.历史文化传统和经济发展水平决定公众环境意识,公众的环境意识直接影响可持续发展战略的实施,如何增强,提出决策和建议,通过大力开展环境宣传教育,提高公众环境意识,可持续发展,实现可持续发展的战略.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

建设绿色重庆构建和谐社会

"十一五"是我国经济社会发展的重要战略机遇期,也是环境保护工作极具挑战的时期.我们将以党的十六届五中全会精神为指针,以建设"绿色重庆"为目标,以"预防为主、综合治理,不欠新账、多还旧账,创新机制、强化监管,突出重点、分类指导,典型示范、带动全面"为基本原则,发展循环经济,解决突出问题,改善环境质量,建立工作机制,努力构建环境友好型社会.     

建设宁静家园 营造和谐环境——厦门市思明区创建“安静居住小区”的做法和体会

创建安静居住小区,是以营造安静和谐的宜居生活环境为目标,通过强化噪声监管、开展宣传教育等方式,改善城区声环境质量,提高居民环保意识,提高城市文明水平的一种有效方式.2009年以来,厦门市思明全区开展创建“安静居住小区”工作.目前,25个创建小区中共有24个通过验收达标.“安静居住小区”创建以来,小区居民对居住环境质量的满意率达到97％,小区噪声污染得到有效治理,居民的环保意识得到极大提高.     

When a year takes 18 months: evidence for a strong circannual clock in a shorebird

During the last three of 20 years kept as a pet, a red knot (Calidris canutus) went through two complete 'circannual' cycles of body mass and plumage. With a record cycle length of 18 months, this individual shorebird provides evidence for an exceptionally strong circannual clock system. The absence of synchronisation to outdoor but visible periodic cues suggests that the constant, socially-induced, day-night environment was of overriding importance. So far, only for songbirds is there firm experimental evidence that annual cycles are orchestrated by an endogenous circannual clock system. In constant environments the circannual cycles of these passerines tend to have periods that are shorter, rather than longer, than a year.