Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government’s aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities’ possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies — outside of the scope of local authorities — need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

Cadmium in sewage sludge in a Swedish region: sources and reduction opportunities

To create a more sustainable future, one of the Swedish government's aims is to close the eco-cycles between urban consumption areas and arable land. Increasing the use of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) is one method of achieving this goal. However, the use of sewage sludge is often prohibited due to its high concentrations of cadmium. As a consequence, large amounts of sewage sludge are deposited each year in landfills. This disposal has become more expensive for local authorities due to a new deposit tax introduced in the year 2000. Based on a survey of cadmium sources to MWTPs in a Swedish region this paper focuses on opportunities local authorities in Sweden have to influence the occurrence of cadmium in the sewage sludge. The results from the study show that cadmium in sewage sludge originates from diffuse sources, which are hard for local authorities to influence by direct means. This is most obvious for sources of cadmium in wastewater from households, which causes about one-third of the inflow of cadmium to MWTPs. Thus, the local authorities' possibilities are, in general, still restricted to downstream actions (such as disconnecting identified industrial sources and reconstructing the sewage system to further separate collection of wastewater and storm water). Local authorities could also implement changes in the process at the MWTP or an extended treatment of the sewage sludge generated. Nonetheless, these possible measures do not provide a sustainable solution to the cadmium issue since the origins of the sources remain. Hence, long-term strategies - outside of the scope of local authorities - need to focus on a general decrease of cadmium in society. However, increased knowledge about the distribution among different sources of cadmium to MWTPs may encourage local authorities to establish priorities for measures that will improve the quality of the sewage sludge.     

The influence of sewage sludge properties on sludge-borne metal availability

With the advent of more stringent controls on wastewater treatment, sewage sludge production in Europe and many parts of the world is increasing. With this increase comes the problem of sludge disposal, and recycling to land arguably offers an economically and environmentally sustainable option. However, a major limitation of sewage sludge reuse is the potential release of heavy metals from the sludge and heavy metal accumulation to toxic levels in topsoils. The properties of the sludge play a crucial role in determining the initial release and subsequent availability of heavy metals in amended soils. Bioavailable forms of heavy metals in recently amended soils are most likely to be those that are bioavailable in the sewage sludge. In this paper, published research on the importance of sewage sludge characteristics on metal release and bioavailability will be reviewed and contrasted with original research. A selection of sludges from around Australia has been collected for this purpose. Through the use of incubation studies, isotope dilution techniques, ion-selective electrode measurements and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, the importance of a range of sludge properties on heavy metal behaviour in sludges and sludge-amended soils is addressed.     

我国几个工矿与污灌区土壤重金属污染状况及原因探讨

对我国几个重工业区、矿区、开发区以及污灌区土壤重金属污染状况的调查结果表明，土壤重金属含量绝大部分高于土壤背景值，Cd、Zn等明显超标，某些重金属元素含量间还存在着一定的伴生规律。土中浸提态Cd、Zn含量与土壤pH值呈负相关。土壤中的重金属主要来自于污灌、金属矿藏开采、污泥利用以及大气飘尘等。金属冶炼厂附近土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd含量皆与离污染源距离呈密切的指数相关（R^2＞0.9）。     

Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc(Zn) concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium(Cd) and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.     

北京地区重金属在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移

本文讨论了重金属在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移及其对地下水污染的可能性.在典型褐土中,重金属在B层发生淀积,但在冲积性土壤中,重金属的含量随冲积层粘性增高而增多,土柱模拟试验表明,Cd仅在土壤表层聚积.野外研究表明,在旱作农田下,由于灌溉水和雨水不能渗入深层.重金属亦难于下移到深层.但在污泥沉淀池、污水渠或水稻田等长期存纳污水情况下,重金属会向下迁移并可能污染地下水.     

再生回用水灌溉对作物品质及土壤质量的影响

考查了不同水质（三级处理水、二级处理水、污水、清水作对照）灌溉对农作物（黄瓜、白菜和玉米）品质和土壤质量的影响,同时测定了灌溉后农作物的可食用部分中的氯离子、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及残留的重金属含量.结果表明,三级水和二级水浇灌对作物品质无显著影响,污水浇灌可使部分营养成分含量升高,如以蛋白质为例,4种水浇灌时3种作物中蛋白质含量范围分别为：黄瓜0.736?2～0.812?5 mg/kg;白菜0.134?8～0.164?5 mg/kg;玉米10.28～10.84 mg/kg.污水浇灌会产生较高的硝酸盐积累,其中污水浇灌的白菜中硝酸盐含量高达554.4　mg/kg,已达到污染水平.三级水和二级水灌溉对作物中重金属含量影响不大,而污水浇灌会使作物中重金属发生明显的积累,因此污水不适于作灌溉水源.短期灌溉内土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)在3.5～4.5之间,表明土壤未发生明显碱化,重金属也未发生显著积累.     

宁夏干旱地区工业区对农田土壤重金属累积的影响

随着我国东部沿海地区产业向中西部地区转移,曾经被冠以"净土"的西北干旱地区受到了工业排放污染的威胁.本文以宁夏某县枸杞种植地为研究对象,采用GIS技术,以工业区为中心,结合当地主导风向,沿着黄河进行带状布点采样,分析工业区的建立对农田土壤重金属Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Co、Cu、Cd、Pb污染的影响.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属累积程度较轻,只有少数样点发生人为Zn和Cd累积;工业区土壤中除了Ni元素以外,其它7种元素都有累积,其中Cd元素浓度达到污染水平的样点占总样点数三分之一.空间分布格局分析结果表明,枸杞地土壤中Cd、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb等5种元素的分布与工业区位置有较强的相关性.从土壤重金属含量的角度来看,研究区的工业区影响还未造成枸杞地土壤重金属污染,并且由于该区域土壤的pH值普遍较高(平均pH值为8.54),因此,可以认为目前还不存在农田土壤重金属污染问题.但是工业区对农田土壤中重金属累积趋势的影响较为明显.此外,工业区对灌溉水中重金属元素的浓度也有一定影响.     

辽宁省土壤污染概况及污染防治技术需求

基于对辽宁省土壤环境的总体状况归纳及描述,提出适合城市工业污染场地、大型矿区污染土壤、地下水及污灌区农田污染土壤的修复技术重点及方向建议。文章提出,突破有机物热脱附、重金属固化/稳定化、淋洗、微生物降解、植物萃取、风险削减、农艺调控等关键技术,形成具有自主知识产权的集成技术体系,建立土壤环境监管大数据平台,对辽宁及东北地区的污染场地/土壤治理具有重要意义。     

大型海藻对重金属镉、铜的富集动力学研究

以人工培育的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)活体为实验材料,在低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+污染水体中,进行龙须菜对Cu、Cd富集的模拟实验,探索龙须菜对Cu、Cd的污染水体的修复,以及龙须菜食品的安全性.应用两箱动力学模型,对实验结果进行了曲线拟合,对拟合优度进行检验.结果表明,在本实验条件下,龙须菜对重金属Cu、Cd的生物累积符合两箱动力学模型,并获得龙须菜富集Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数(Ku)和排出速率常数(Kc).当Cu2+的浓度￡50mg/L、Cd2+的浓度￡20mg/L时,经过28 d的暴露,随Cu2+、Cd2+的暴露浓度以及暴露时间增大,龙须菜中Cu、Cd的含量升高.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数分别为15.4~51.1和13.9~55.7,基本随实验水体中元素的暴露浓度升高而降低;排出速率常数分别为0.023~0.070和0.030~0.050,与暴露浓度无明显相关性.理论平衡状态下龙须菜中Cu、Cd含量(质量分数)随水体中暴露浓度升高而增加.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的生物富集因子分别为663~1008和463~1113,Cu、Cd的生物半衰期分别为23.1 d和20.1d.     

Impact of wastewater reuse on cobalt status in Egyptian environment

Cobalt is used in the manufacture of alloys,catalysts in the petroleum industry,catalytic converters,and paint pigments.Thus the potential for Co releases into the environment is highly increased.Use of waste sludges and sewage effluent to fertilize and irrigate soils has also increased soil Co concentrations.Total cobalt contents of alluvial delta soil of Egypt show considerable variation ranging from 13.1 to 64.7 ppm.The impact of either wastewater irrigation or industrial activities on soil total Co was obvious due to accumulation of organic matter and solid waste in the surface soil samples.Food crops and vegetables should not be grown on soil highly contaminated by Co.It is noteworthy that the delayed neutron activation analysis(DNAA)technique could be used successfully for total Co determination due to its high sensitivity.It is quit clearly that dust samples of Cairo City contains higher Co level.as compared to Suez Canal Region(Ismailia.Port Said and El-Suez cities).The high values in Cairo City may be due to the existence of industries around the city and the intensive traffic.To minimize Co environmental hazards,waste effluents should be treated on site.Thus,levels of potentially toxic Co needs to be continuously monitored and should be removed during several treatment processes before the disposal of these wastes.     

工矿型绿洲农田土壤中氟和镉的剖面行为研究

以甘肃白银市城郊东区农田土壤为研究对象进行剖面取样、对土壤中氟和镉的剖面分布及行为进行研究.结果表明,在长期灌溉与降水渗水流作用下,F和Cd发生不同程度的淋溶迁移,F迁移深度达到80~100cm,Cd迁移深度在40~60cm,迁移程度为F>Cd;元素F和Cd都具有显著的负乘幂迁移规律,同时表现出不同的迁移态势,F 为高剂量时迁移率大,低剂量时迁移率小,但Cd呈现相反的迁移趋势.污水灌溉作为土壤污染物来源之一对土壤F和Cd累积和迁移有一定影响,F元素对当地地下水污染的威胁较大.     

施硅对白菜体内镉的分布及其吸收迁移的影响

在土壤外源镉污染下,施硅考察土培盆栽条件下白菜体内不同部位间镉的分布及其吸收迁移状况。试验表明,施硅显著降低白菜根、茎、叶中的镉含量和镉累积量,随土壤外源镉污染加剧,施硅抑制白菜各器官吸收累积镉的效果愈好,且不同硅水平处理间的差异亦渐趋显著。硅降低根的镉吸收系数,在土壤外源镉处理下,施硅降低镉的初级转移系数和次级转移系数以及地上部的镉转移系数,显著降低地上部的镉吸收系数;施硅增加白菜根、茎、叶中的硅含量和硅累积量,硅含量和硅累积量的分布为根>叶>茎和叶>茎>根,与镉含量和镉累积量的分布规律一致,白菜体内有可能形成硅-镉复合物以减轻镉的毒害。     

Future options for cultivated Nordic peat soils: Can land management and rewetting control greenhouse gas emissions?

Management of peat soils is regionally important as they cover large land areas and have important but conflicting ecosystems services. A recent management trend for drained peatlands is the control of greenhouse gases (GHG) by changes in agricultural practices, peatland restoration or paludiculture. Due to complex antagonistic controls of moisture, water table management can be difficult to use as a method for controlling GHG emissions. Past studies show that there is no obvious relationship between GHG emission rates and crop type, tillage intensity or fertilization rates. For drained peat soils, the best use options can vary from rewetting with reduced emission to efficient short term use to maximize the profit per amount of greenhouse gas emitted. The GHG accounting should consider the entire life cycle of the peatland and the socio-economic benefits peatlands provide locally. Cultivating energy crops is a viable option especially for wet peat soils with poor drainage, but harvesting remains a challenge due to tractability of wet soils. Paludiculture in lowland floodplains can be a tool to mitigate regional flooding allowing water to be stored on these lands without much harm to crops. This can also increase regional biodiversity providing important habitats for birds and moisture tolerant plant species. However, on many peatlands rewetting is not possible due to their position in the landscape and the associated difficulty to maintain a high stable water table. While the goal of rewetting often is to encourage the return of peat forming plants and the ecosystem services they provide such as carbon sequestration, it is not well known if these plants will grow on peat soils that have been altered by the process of drainage and management. Therefore, it is important to consider peat quality and hydrology when choosing management options. Mapping of sites is recommended as a management tool to guide actions. The environmental status and socio-economic importance of the sites should be assessed both for continued cultivation but also for other ecosystem services such as restoration and hydrological functions (flood control). Farmers need advice, tools and training to find the best after-use option. Biofuels might provide a cost-efficient after use option for some sites. Peat extraction followed by rewetting might provide a sustainable option as rewetting is often easier if the peat is removed, starting the peat accumulation from scratch. Also this provides a way to finance the after-use. As impacts of land use are uncertain, new policies should consider multiple benefits and decisions should be based on scientific evidence and field scale observations. The need to further understand the key processes and long term effects of field scale land use manipulations is evident. The recommended actions for peatlands should be based on local condition and socio-economic needs to outline intermediate and long term plans.     

重点产业源增长对北部湾地区气态污染物模拟的影响

根据污染源普查资料制作北部湾地区2007年人为排放源清单,以及中期/远期参比情景(REF15/REF20)和远期调控情景(SCEi20)下的排放源清单.采用WRF-Chem模拟北部湾地区空气质量现状及未来变化.2007年SO2和NO2月平均质量浓度模拟值与监测值比较吻合.广东、广西(海南)地区污染物质量浓度较高(低)....     

环境税征收对小微企业的影响——基于湖南省小微工业企业实证数据分析

基于小微企业的视角,以COD为例,选取污染较为严重的第二产业,以湖南省资水流域邵阳段37家小微企业为样本探讨开征环境税对小微企业的影响.通过对小微企业的污染排放与经济效益进行了对比分析,发现所选取的37家小微企业利税占比为1.09%而污染排放占比高达32.65%,呈现经济效益低而污染物排放高的特征,因此应成为环境税征收需要重点关注对象之一.同时对小微企业污水治理成本进行测算,发现被调查的小微企业的污染治理成本存在行业差距,最高为化工行业2.62元/污染当量,最低是食品加工行业的0.64元/污染当量,平均污水治理成本为1.74元/污染当量.最后考虑排放标准趋严、治理成本提高趋势下,通过设置1.40,1.74,3.48,7.50元/污染当量等4挡税率,探究不同环境税率对于小微企业的影响,调研样本显示：基于污染治理成本设置税率小微企业可以承受,并且提高税率可以显著地减少环境污染.     

河南某污灌区土壤-作物-人发系统重金属迁移与积累

开展污灌区土壤-作物-人发系统(SCHS)重金属迁移与积累研究,对于维护农田生态系统和人体健康具有重要意义.以河南某污灌区为例,采集土壤和小麦籽粒样品各27份、人发样品355份,用原子吸收法测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银分光光度法测定As含量,开展重金属在SCHS中的迁移与积累探讨.结果表明,污灌区土壤和小麦籽粒发生了不同程度的重金属污染.土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As平均含量分别为40.63、203.47、22.10、1.84、26.87 mg·kg-1,小麦籽粒中上述重金属平均含量分别为10.10、25.83、0.87、0.56、0.35 mg·kg-1,都高于对照区.污灌区人发中上述重金属平均含量分别为14.11、143.13、13.24、0.19、1.97 mg·kg-1,高于对照区,人发多数重金属含量随年龄增长呈增加趋势,男性高于女性.污灌区人发对小麦籽粒重金属的富集系数(BAF人发/小麦)远大于小麦籽粒对土壤重金属的富集系数(BAF小麦/土壤),人发对大多数重金属的放大作用显著.在SCHS中,大多数重金属沿土壤→小麦籽粒→人发的迁移与积累曲线呈不规则"V"形,长期污灌样点的土壤和小麦籽粒重金属污染程度、人发重金属含量都高于"清污"混灌的样点.     

流域环境保护与均衡发展的矛盾及其对策探析

为寻找可兼顾发展与环保、效率与公平、能调动上下游双向积极性的制度安排或系统解决方案,尝试提出了“水系工业排放配额制”的方法,即将水系所能承载的最大工业排放量作为配额,公平分配到流域单元,并允许其交易;企业可在投资治污抑或购买排放配额之间进行自由选择,环境脆弱的流域单元也可向外转让其“闲置”的排放配额,这样其因承担源头保护义务而被迫放弃的部分工业发展权就从配额交易中得到了补偿,并可将此补偿用于发展生态适宜产业,鉴于流域环境保护与均衡发展矛盾的复杂性及工业排放控制的难度,方案的实施宜循序渐进．     

交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响

为了解公路交通带来的重金属污染及其在公路两侧土壤中的分布规律,对相关研究结果的分析表明,含铅汽油、润滑油的燃烧,汽车轮胎、刹车里村的机械磨损等是公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属污染的重要来源.机动车辆排放的含重金属颗粒物或直接沉积在路面灰尘中,或通过干湿沉降沉积在公路两侧的土壤中,使得公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属出现不同程度的积累.一般地,公路两侧土壤中重金属含量随着距公路距离的增加呈指数形式下降.公路两侧土壤中重金属的含量及其分布格局因受交通流量、车辆类型、地形与路况、绿化带配置和风、降雨等气象条件的影响而异.     

基于韦伯-费希纳定律的海河流域水库水环境预警评价

水库作为水源地在流域水环境安全中具有重要作用.根据韦伯-费希纳定律(Weber-FechnerLaw,W-F),选取与水库水环境关系密切的水质评价指标,通过确定水环境综合影响指数Ki值与水环境状态之间的关系,建立基于人类感觉强度与外界水环境质量变化关系定量化的水环境预警模型.并以海河流域4座水库为实例进行应用与验证.结果表明:水库Ki值与水环境状态是线性函数关系,水库Ki值与营养指数间是指数函数关系.此模型可以用于流域内不同时空条件下水库水环境状态和富营养化的预警与水环境综合评价.官厅水库水环境综合影响指数Ki值为0.0494,水环境综合预警等级为轻警,主要的污染指标为COMMn、TN和TP.4座水库的Ki值变化范围在0.0107～0.0564之间,密云水库富营养化预警级别为轻警,官厅水库、潘家口水库和岳城水库均为中警;4座水库水环境预警等级空间上差异明显,从高到低顺序为潘家口水库、官厅水库、岳城水库、密云水库.潘家口水库水环境时间上恶化趋势明显,建议加强流域水库水环境的监控和采取更严格的管理措施.