Comparative studies on utilizing nitrogen capacity between two macroalgae Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui ( rhodophyta ) and Ulva pertusa (chlorophyta)Ⅱ.Feedback controls of intracellular nitrogen pools on nitrogen uptake

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｍｍｏｎｉｕｍｉｓｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｓａＮｓｏｕｒｃｅｆｏｒａｌｇａｅｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｏｆｍａｎｙｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｔｏｔａｋｅｕｐａｍｍｏｎｉｕｍｍｏｒｅｒａｐｉｄｌｙｔｈａｎｎｉｔｒａｔｅ (Ｊｏｎｅｓ,1996 ) .ＵｐｔａｋｅｏｆＮＨ+4ｉｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｂｅｃａｕｓｅｍａｎｙｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｔａｋｅｕｐＮＨ+4ａｔｒａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｇｒｅａｔｌｙｅｘｃｅｅｄｇｒｏｗｔｈｒａｔｅｓ (Ｐｅｄｅｒｓｅｎ ,1994 ) ,ａｎｄａｒｅａｂｌｅｔｏｇｒｏｗｒａｐｉ…     

基于碳氮稳定同位素组成分析的孔石莼对氨氮的吸收

氨氮(NH4-N)是水体中能被藻类直接吸收利用的无机氮。利用稳定同位素技术研究了不同浓度下孔石莼(Ulvapertusa)对NH4-N的吸收,藻类体内δ15N、δ13C的变化。结果显示:试验初始阶段,孔石莼大量吸收水体中的14NH4-N、12CO2用于自身组织的合成,导致水体中氨氮浓度、δ15N和δ13C急剧下降,约在5～25 h,这一阶段水体中氨氮浓度变化很小,藻体15N缓慢降低,达到平缓期;约在25 h后,氨氮浓度缓慢下降,海水中的底物浓度很低,水体中14NH4-N几乎被吸收殆尽,孔石莼开始大幅吸收15NH4-N,δ15N上升。δ13C在4 h后呈现无规律波动。     

Minor stimulation of soil carbon storage by nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis

It is a well-established concept that nitrogen (N) limits plant growth and ecosystem production. However, whether N limits land carbon (C) sequestration – particularly in soil, the largest pool in the land – remains highly controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize 257 studies published in the literature with 512 paired comparisons to quantify the changes of ecosystem C processes in response to N addition. Our results show that N addition significantly increased aboveground, belowground, and litter C pools by 35.7, 23.0, and 20.9%, respectively, across all the studies. Despite the substantial increases in C inputs from vegetation to soil system, N addition resulted in no significant change in C storage of both organic horizon and mineral soil in forests and grasslands, but a significant 3.5% increase in agricultural ecosystems, largely due to less contribution from aboveground production and increases in DOC and soil respiration. Thus, N stimulation of C storage primarily occurred in plant pools but little in soil pools. Moreover, N-induced change in soil C storage was positively related to changes in belowground production but not to those in aboveground growth. Our global synthesis also suggests that earth system models need to treat soil C inputs from aboveground and belowground sources differentially for soil C sequestration in response to N deposition and fertilization.     

长期饥饿后SPNA微颗粒污泥系统性能恢复

为了确定长期饥饿后连续流一段式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（SPNA）工艺的性能恢复情况,采用连续流反应器,考察了在室温下（11~23℃）经历161d饥饿期的SPNA系统性能恢复策略的可行性及脱氮性能和菌群结构变化.通过控制DO浓度及进水氨氮负荷,逐渐实现亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的抑制和淘汰、氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）的活性恢复和富集.在68d内系统总氮去除率恢复至72.13%,氨氮去除率恢复至94.75%.微颗粒污泥（³200μm）的占比从42.04%升至60.98%.微生物群落结构分析发现,停止运行161d后系统Candidatus Kuenenia的相对丰度升至25.53%,表现出较强的抵抗饥饿条件的能力,系统恢复后其相对丰度逐渐降低,接近反应器饥饿前水平.AOB的高底物利用能力是系统恢复的前提,AnAOB活性的提高是系统恢复的关键.系统性能的成功恢复表明室温下161d饥饿期对系统造成的影响是可逆的,长期室温下储存SPNA污泥是可行的.     

氮添加对亚热带森林土壤有机碳氮组分的影响

为了研究氮添加对森林土壤有机碳氮组分稳定性的影响,选取我国亚热带典型常绿阔叶林(浙江桂天然林和罗浮栲天然林)和针叶林(杉木人工林),开展为期5年的野外模拟氮沉降试验,分别设置对照〔0 kg/(hm2·a),以NH₄NO₃中的N计,下同〕、低氮〔75 kg/(hm2·a)〕和高氮〔150 kg/(hm2·a)〕3个氮添加水平,用H₂SO₄分2步酸水解获得LPⅠ(活性有机库Ⅰ)、LPⅡ(活性有机库Ⅱ)和RP(惰性有机库),定量研究土壤活性和惰性有机碳氮组分以及微生物生物量碳氮对氮添加的响应. 结果表明:氮添加仅对w(LPⅡ-C)(LPⅡ-C为活性有机碳Ⅱ)有显著影响,而对其他活性和惰性有机碳氮组分的影响不显著,并且对不同林分的影响存在差异. 与对照处理相比,低氮处理下浙江桂天然林、罗浮栲天然林和杉木人工林土壤w(LPⅡ-C)的增幅分别为15.3%、29.8%、68.8%;高氮处理下杉木人工林土壤w(LPⅠ-C)(LPⅠ-C为活性有机碳Ⅰ)、w(LPⅠ-N)(LPⅠ-N为活性有机氮Ⅰ)和w(RP-C)(RP-C为惰性有机碳)的增幅分别为32.4%、78.6%、28.7%;氮添加使得土壤w(SMB-C)(土壤微生物生物量碳)的增幅为18.1%~202.5%、w(SMB-N)(土壤微生物生物量氮)的增幅为0%~103.6%;在氮添加处理下,除杉木人工林土壤SMB-N/LPⅠ-N〔w(SMB-N)/w(LPⅠ-N)〕是随着氮添加水平的增加而降低外,微生物对其他林分土壤活性有机氮的利用均表现为随着氮添加水平的增加而增加. 研究显示,氮添加对阔叶林和针叶林土壤活性和惰性有机碳氮组分的影响存在差异,但差异不显著,这与它们归还土壤的凋落物性质差异有关,并且凋落物的分解差异也可能是影响土壤不同碳氮组分变化的原因.      

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

一株高效异养硝化菌的分离、鉴定及其氨氮去除特性

以丁二酸钠为唯一C源,从垃圾渗滤液活性污泥中富集、分离及筛选出一株高效的异养硝化菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行了鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行了研究.结果表明,分离到的异养硝化菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),命名为XS76,其GenBank登录号为(JQ934897).该菌经过24h培养,有约60%的氨氮转化为胞内氮,35%左右的氨氮被去除,仅有少量硝酸盐氮的积累,没有羟胺和亚硝酸盐氮的积累.碳源、有机氮源、C/N比、温度等因素均对氨氮去除有较大的影响,在接种量为4%、丁二酸钠为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源、C/N 15、转速180~200r/min、pH 6~9及温度为34℃,氨氮负荷为420 mg/L时处理效果最佳, 96 h氨氮去除率可达99.20%.显示了高效的氨氮去除效果,具有潜在的实际废水应用价值.     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

为了分离贫营养好氧反硝化菌,研究其系统发育地位和脱氮特性,以期为微污染水库水体生物修复提供依据.从水库底层沉积物中,采用改良的富集驯化方法分离好氧反硝化菌,通过N-J法进行系统发育分析以及选择培养基研究其脱氮特性.初筛分离出196株好氧反硝化菌,其中14株为高效菌株(ZHF2、ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZHF8、ZMF2、ZMF5、ZMF6、N299、G107、81Y、SF9、SF18和SXF14).经形态学,生理生化,和16S rRNA基因序列分析,ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZMF2、G107、81Y、SF18和SXF14为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.),ZHF2和ZHF8为新鞘脂菌属(Novosphingobium sp.),ZMF5为水杆菌属(Aquabacterium sp.),ZMF6为鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.),N299为动胶杆菌属(Zoogloea sp.),SF9为代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.).其中菌株G107和81Y的反硝化效果最好,72h的硝氮去除率达到98.88% 和99.44%.并以G107和81Y为代表进行一系列的脱氮实验,结果显示出良好的短程反硝化、硝化和源水脱氮能力.贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离,补充和丰富了好氧反硝化菌的种类,其高效的脱氮特性为低氮微污染水体的生物修复提供了技术支撑.     

假微型海链藻对不同氮培养条件的响应

本文选取假微型海链藻为目标微藻,研究其在不同氮源（硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和尿素）和氮饥饿条件下的生长速率和光合作用,以期为阐述海洋微藻对近岸复杂多变的氮环境适应机制提供依据。结果表明,在氮饥饿条件下,假微型海链藻的种群生长受阻,细胞内色素分解,光合作用被显著抑制;在不同氮源条件下,假微型海链藻均能生长但表现出不同的生长模式,但高浓度的铵盐能够对其产生抑制,各条件下藻细胞叶绿素a、叶绿素c 和总类胡萝卜素含量在指数生长期无显著差异,而在平台末期,尿素处理组各色素水平显著提高;假微型海链藻光系统Ⅱ的不同光合作用参数在实验末期均表现为铵盐处理组显著高于其他处理组。综上所述,假微型海链藻能够利用不同氮源进行生长,但在不同氮源条件下,种群增长的变化模式与光合作用的响应并不一致,由此推测假微型海链藻在不同氮源条件下光合作用并不是导致其生长模式差异的主要原因。     

碳源和氮源对异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株Y1脱氮性能的影响

从焦化废水活性污泥中筛选到一株高效脱氮细菌,命名为Acinetobacter sp.Y1.本实验对菌株Y1在不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比及底物浓度下的脱氮特性进行了研究,结果表明,菌株Y1可以利用氨氮、亚硝氮和硝氮生长,不能利用羟胺;以氨氮为唯一氮源进行硝化作用时,柠檬酸钠和乙酸钠是最佳碳源,最佳碳氮比为15,菌株Y1可降解高浓度氨氮,在36h内将400 mg·L-1氨氮全部去除,1600 mg·L-1氨氮的去除率可达21.3％,最大降解速率随着初始氨氮浓度的升高而增大.以硝氮或亚硝氮为唯一氮源进行反硝化时,菌株Y1可以适应高浓度氮源但不能完全去除氮源,当碳氮比为20,经36h培养硝氮和亚硝氮的去除率均达到100％.     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewater with perennial ryegrass/artificial aquatic mats biofilm combined system

To develop a cost-effective combined phytoremediation and biological process,a combined perennial ryegrass/artificial aquatic mat biofilm reactor was used to treat synthetic wastewater.Influent ammonium loading,reflux ratio,hydraulic retention time(HRT) and temperature all had significant effects on the treatment efficiency.The results indicated that the effluent concentration of ammonium increased with increasing influent ammonium loading.The reactor temperature played an important role in the nitrification process.The ammonium removal efficiency significantly decreased from 80% to 30%-50% when the reactor temperature dropped to below 10°C.In addition,the optimal nitrogen removal condition was a reflux ratio of 2.The nitrate and ammonium concentration of the effluent were consistent with the HRT of the combined system.The chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal efficiency was at a high level during the whole experiment,being almost 80% after the start-up,and then mostly above 90%.The direct uptake of N by the perennial ryegrass accounted for 18.17% of the total N removal by the whole system.The perennial ryegrass absorption was a significant contributor to nitrogen removal in the combined system.The result illustrated that the combined perennial ryegrass/artificial aquatic mat biofilm reactor demonstrated good performance in ammonium,total N and COD removal.     

MABR快速富集HN-AD菌强化处理高氨氮废水

对比研究贯通式、闭端式2种膜组件形式的膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）对高氨氮模拟废水的处理性能。结果表明:MABR在8 d内实现菌液快速挂膜,且贯通式MABR的生物附着量、脱氮效率均高于闭端式。贯通式MABR对高氨氮废水中NH₄+-N、TN、COD的去除率均比闭端式高出20%左右,具有更好的脱氮除碳效果。高通量测序分析显示,贯通式MABR于挂膜阶段实现了HN-AD菌快速富集,并在处理高氨氮废水过程中仍保持其较高丰度（不动杆菌属Acinetobacter占22.1%、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas占43.2%）,但闭端式MABR未优势富集HN-AD菌。贯通式MABR相比闭端式MABR具有更高DO条件促进HN-AD菌富集,从而强化了对高氨氮废水的处理效果。     

2010年中国大气氮沉降特征分析

利用区域空气质量模式Models-3/CMAQ对我国2010年的氮沉降特征进行了模拟分析.结果表明,2010年我国氮沉降总量约为7.6′ 103Gg,化学组成上以NHx-N(包括NH3、NH4+中的氮)沉降为主,平均占到2/3以上.夏季氮沉降量最高,冬季最低.干沉降为氮沉降的主要途径(约占62%),主要为气态含氮污染物的贡献,湿沉降的氮则主要来自颗粒态的铵盐和硝酸盐.我国氮沉降的空间分布具有东高西低、地区间差异显著的特征,高沉降通量区域主要集中在华北平原、四川盆地、华中的中南部、两广以及东北部分地区.加强对氨排放的管理和控制,同时重视东部沿海的发达地区的氮氧化物排放,对减少氮沉降具有重要意义.     

荒漠草原土壤线虫对氮沉降及降雨变化的响应

为了解氮沉降和降雨变化对短花针茅荒漠草原土壤线虫的影响,试验设计采用主区为增雨30%（W）和减雨30%（R）、自然降雨（CK）3种水分处理,副区为0（N0）、30（N30）、50（N50）和100（N100） kg/（hm²·a）4个氮素梯度共12个处理.结果表明：研究区共鉴定土壤线虫隶属41属,群落优势属为丽突属（Acrobeles）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）,增雨较氮添加显著增加了线虫数量,且在10月份尤为明显,减雨下N50梯度更利于线虫数量增加;从功能类群来看,土壤0~10cm食细菌线虫数量最多（占总数41.00%~45.56%）,并随季节动态呈上升趋势,捕杂食线虫数量最低,食细菌和食真菌线虫与氮梯度呈负相关关系;从生态指数来看,仅增雨抑制了土壤线虫多样性,单一氮添加没有改变线虫群落多样性和稳定性,但较低的氮添加会显著降低了线虫丰富度.不同季节动态处理下,土壤矿化途径受食微线虫的影响,有机质以真菌降解通道为主,减雨施氮下提高了土壤抗干扰能力;pH值、有机质、铵态氮含量是影响土壤线虫群落重要的环境因子,土壤氮含量增多及pH值降低增加了偏K策略者类群数量,降低R对策者类群数量,土壤线虫群落结构的变化,表明短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统地下食物网稳定性渐趋增强.     

石莼、铁钉菜和蜈蚣藻对氮源利用的研究

选择三种大型海藻石莼(Ulva lactuca)、铁钉菜(Ishige foliaceaokamurai)、蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina)作为试验材料,设置对照组、ΝO3-Ν(80、160μmol/L)组和ΝH4-Ν(80、160μmol/L)组,研究不同的Ν源对三种大型海藻生长和Ν吸收速率的影响。设置四个温度梯度(5℃、15℃、25℃、30℃)和三个光照梯度(600 lx、1 200 lx、1 800 lx、2 400 lx),研究温度和光照对三种大型海藻Ν吸收速率的影响。试验结果表明:石莼、铁钉菜、蜈蚣藻对两种Ν源ΝO3-Ν、ΝH4-Ν均有不同的反应。三种大型海藻均表现出优先利用ΝO3-Ν的趋势。石莼在ΝO3-Ν和ΝH4-Ν组中均表现出最高的生长和吸收能力。蜈蚣藻在ΝO3-Ν组中表现出比铁钉菜相对高的生长和吸收能力;铁钉菜在ΝH4-Ν组中表现出比蜈蚣藻相对高的生长和吸收能力。温度和光照条件对三种大型海藻ΝO3-Ν和ΝH4-Ν的吸收都有一定的影响。就温度而言,三种海藻对ΝO3-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即15℃时吸收速率最高;对ΝH4-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即5℃时吸收速率最高。就光照而言,三种海藻ΝO3-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即2 400 lx时的吸收速率最高;ΝH4-Ν的吸收趋势相似,即1 200 lx时的吸收速率最高。     

Pronounced temporal changes in soil microbial community and nitrogen transformation caused by benzalkonium chloride

As one typical cationic disinfectant, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were approved for surface disinfection in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and then unintentionally or intentionally released into the surrounding environment. Concerningly, it is still unclear how the soil microbial community succession happens and the nitrogen (N) cycling processes alter when exposed to QACs. In this study, one common QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was selected as the target contaminant, and its effects on the temporal changes in soil microbial community structure and nitrogen transformation processes were determined by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing-based methods. The results showed that the aerobic microbial degradation of BAC in the two different soils followed first-order kinetics with a half-life (4.92 vs. 17.33 days) highly dependent on the properties of the soil. BAC activated the abundance of N fixation gene (nifH) and nitrification genes (AOA and AOB) in the soil and inhibited that of denitrification gene (narG). BAC exposure resulted in the decrease of the alpha diversity of soil microbial community and the enrichment of Crenarchaeota and Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that BAC degradation is accompanied by changes in soil microbial community structure and N transformation capacity.     

Long-term impacts of land-use change on dynamics of tropical soil carbon and nitrogen pools

Land-use changes, especially the conversion of native forest vegetation to cropland and plantations in tropical region, can alter soil C and N pools and N availability for plant uptake. Deforestation, followed by shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantation, is a common land-use change in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. However the influence of this kind of land-use change on soil C and N dynamics in this region remains poorly understood, This study was conducted to assess the effects of land-use change on soil C and N pools. Soil samples were collected on five adjacent plots, which belong to three land-use types including secondary forest-an acuminate banana( Musa itinerans) secondary forest and a male bamboo( Dendrocalamus membranaceae) secondary forest, shifting cultivation, and rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis (H. B. K. ) Muell. Arg. ) plantation(one plot is 3-year-old, and another is 7-year-old). We measured soil bulk density (BD), pH value, moisture content and concentrations of soil organic carbon(SOC), total soil nitrogen(TSN), and inorganic N(NO3^- -N and NH4^ -N) at 0--3, 3--20, 20--40 and 40--60cm depths, and calculated C and N pools in 0--20, 20--40, 40--60, and 0--60 cm soil layers. Compared with the adjacent secondary forests, shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantations resulted in significant decline in concentrations and stocks of SOC and TSN in 0--20 and 0--60cm soil layers, and increase in pH and bulk density at 0--3, 3--20, and 20--40cm depths. Soil moisture content decreased only in 0--20cm surface soils in shifting cultivation and plantations. The dynamics of mineral N was much more complex, which had different trends among depths and ecosystems. Compared with the secondary forests, SOC stocks in 0--20cm surface soils in shifting cultivation and rubber tree plantations(3-year-old plantation and 7-year-old plantation) decreased by 34.0%, 33%, and 23% ; and TSN stocks decreased by 32.2%, 20.4%, and 20.4%, respectively,whereas the decreases of SOC and TSN stocks in 0--60cm soil layers were much less. The results indicated that C and N losses were mainly occurred in 0--20cm surface soil, followed by 20--40cm layer.     

盐度对湿地枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量比的影响

为了阐明盐度对枯落物分解过程中碳氮磷化学计量比的影响,采用分解袋法对闽江河口湿地不同盐度条件下短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中生态化学计量学特征进行了测定.结果表明,盐度较高的生境,枯落物具有较快的分解速率、氮和磷的释放速率,较慢的碳和能量释放速率;整个分解期间内,枯落物C/N呈下降的趋势,C/P和N/P表现为先上升后下降的趋势;高盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为34.3和36.4、1210.4和1710.3、35.4和47.1;低盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物分解过程中平均C/N、C/P和N/P分别为33.2和35.1、1170.0和1636.8、35.9和47.3;高盐度生境短叶茳芏枯落物和芦苇枯落物C/N、C/P高于低盐度生境,N/P低于低盐度生境;较低的枯落物碳与养分比值具有较高的能量释放.     

滇池北岸典型农区韭菜田大气氮湿沉降与氮挥发研究

选择滇池北岸大清河下游典型农区韭菜田为对象,对雨水进行化学分析,研究了2007年大气氮湿沉降通量及其动态变化,并通过田间试验观测了地表(韭菜地土壤、韭菜废弃物原位腐解、沟渠污水)的氨氮挥发.结果表明,全年大气湿沉降氮(以N计)7.1kg/hm2,其中雨季(4～9月份)占89%.韭菜一次基施尿素(以N计)276kg/hm2,35d累计氨挥发占施氮量的32%,其中前9d氨挥发占总氨挥发96%.韭菜残体腐解21d累计氮挥发占植株氮23%.含氮7～51mg/L的污水(其中氨氮2.7～25.8mg/L)露天放置12d,水体总氮的27%～38%挥发进入大气.可见,韭菜田氮挥发是该地大气氮重要来源之一.     

ANAMMOX富集与优化停曝比对MBR-SNAD工艺的影响

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）研究了厌氧氨氧化细菌在富集过程中的活性变化,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中以恒定曝气量,通过优化停曝比实现氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）协同脱氮并且有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,然后添加有机物（乙酸钠）逐步启动同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化（SNAD）工艺.结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化细菌富集过程中,通过不断缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高进水氮负荷的方式强化厌氧氨氧化细菌活性,其平均活性由0.603mgN/（h·gVSS）提高到了8.1mgN/（h·gVSS）;当恒定曝气量为50mL/min,停曝比为4：10（min：min）时,AerAOB和AnAOB对氨氮的去除量分别占总氨氮去除量的58.8%和41.2%,NOB氧化亚硝态氮的量占总硝态氮生成量的15.3%,成功抑制了NOB的活性;当C/N比为0.5,调整停曝比为4：15后,反硝化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的20.9%,厌氧氨氧化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的79.1%,实现了AerAOB、AnAOB和反硝化细菌（DNB）协同脱氮的目的.