重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

Effect of acetate on lead toxicity to microbial biomass in a red soil

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PAEs污染下2种基因型菜心根际土壤微生物特征及差异性

设置邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)3个污染水平(T1,T2,T3)和对照处理(T0),盆栽2种基因型菜心(油青60天菜心和特青60天菜心),研究2种菜心不同生长期根际土壤微生物生物量碳氮(Cmic、Nmic)和总体代谢活性(AWCD)的动态变化特征及差异性,初步揭示2种菜心吸收累积PAEs差异的根际微生态机理.结果表明,2种菜心根际土壤Cmic分别介于84.45~213.30mg/kg和98.33~229.85mg/kg,Nmic分别介于9.00~25.86mg/kg和12.69~34.36mg/kg,显著高于未种植物的处理. AWCD值分别介于0.744~1.075和0.847~1.318,特青60天菜心显著高于未种植物的处理. 2种基因型菜心相比,特青60天菜心根际土壤Cmic, Nmic以及AWCD值均大于油青60天菜心(T3处理开花期除外),部分处理间差异显著. 2种基因型菜心茎叶和根系中PAEs含量与Cmic、Nmic和AWCD之间的相关性均未达到显著程度,说明2种基因型菜心茎叶和根系中PAEs含量可能与其他因素有关.     

兴安落叶松林火后对土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量的影响

以大兴安岭兴安落叶松林火后不同强度(重度、中度、轻度)及未火烧区的土壤为研究对象,于火烧结束3年后(2009年)的秋季,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法测定了不同强度火烧后土壤的微生物生物量碳(C_mic)和微生物生物量氮(N_mic),并研究其与土壤养分因子的关系。结果表明:兴安落叶松林重度火烧区的C_mic显著高于中度、轻度和未火烧区,N_mic在不同强度火烧样地间差异不显著,但在重度火烧区出现最高值。其中重度、中度、轻度和对照的C_mic平均为692.8、499.9、428.8和498.7 mg·kg^-1,而N_mic分别为70.6、55.2、50.9和54.1 mg·kg^-1。土壤含水量、土壤pH值、土壤有机碳对C_mic和N_mic的影响显著,土壤微生物生物量与土壤含水量、pH值、土壤有机碳均呈正相关。研究将为进一步开展火干扰对北方森林土壤碳平衡影响机理研究提供科学依据。     

五氯酚(PCP)污染土壤模拟根际的修复

模拟根际环境条件下,研究了根系分泌物对五氯酚(PCP)污染土壤的修复效应及其机理.结果表明,PCP的土壤残留消解行为随根系分泌物添加剂量的不同显现相应差异.土壤中微生物生物量碳(C_mic),氮(N_mic),碳氮比(C_mic/N_mic),微生物商及酶等土壤生化指标与PCP的消解均存在一定程度的相关性.低剂量(13.38TOCmg/kg)处理,PCP土壤甲醇可提态残留量最小,修复效应最佳,此时土壤微生物生物量碳,氮,微生物商,脱氢酶活性等显现最大响应,为最适根系分泌物添加剂量.修复机理可能在于其诱导的土壤环境质量友好演变过程.逐步回归分析结果显示,微生物生物量氮,微生物商及脱氢酶活性可作为表征根际修复PCP污染土壤时土壤环境质量友好演变过程的敏感生物学指标.     

Four years of free-air CO2 enrichment enhance soil C concentrations in a Chinese wheat field

Elevated atmospheric CO2 can influence soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. The e ects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) and N fertilization on soil organic C (Corg), dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (Cmic) and soil basal respiration (SBR) were investigated in a Chinese wheat field after expose to elevated CO2 for four full years. The results indicated that elevated CO2 has stimulative e ects on soil C concentrations regardless of N fertilization. Following the elevated CO2, the concentrations of Corg and SBR were increased at wheat jointing stage, and those of DOC and Cmic were enhanced obviously across the wheat jointing stage and the fallow period after wheat harvest. On the other hand, N fertilization did not significantly a ect the content of soil C. Significant correlations were found among DOC, Cmic, and SBR in this study.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .     

土壤-青菜系统中铅污染对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了青菜种植条件下2种不同类型的人为铅污染土(黄松田土和黄红壤)中不同处理对土壤微生物生物量、生理生态参数以及群落结构的影响.结果表明,2种土壤在外源铅含量为100和300 mg·kg-1时,土壤微生物生物量有微小增加,而高浓度铅污染使土壤微生物生物量显著降低.在高浓度铅污染土壤中,微生物生理生态参数发生明显变化,微生物生物量碳/土壤有机质碳(Cmic/Corg)逐渐下降,代谢熵(qco2)明显上升,表明土壤微生物群落处于胁迫状态.结果还显示,铅污染对土壤微生物的影响与不同的管理方式(青菜种植情况)以及土壤中有机质、粘粒含量等有关,在种植青菜、有机质和粘粒含量高的土壤中,土壤微生物各项参数变化要小.对21种磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的图谱进行分析,结果表明,受铅污染土壤的微生物群落结构组成伴随着功能参数的变化而发生了改变;随着铅污染程度的增强,指示真菌和放线菌类的脂肪酸增加,而革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌脂肪酸比值下降.     

氮输入对三江湿地小叶章不同生长阶段土壤产生CH_4能力的影响

在小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)不同生长阶段,用室内鲜土培养法对土壤CH4的产生能力进行了研究.结果表明,氮输入后,植物各生长阶段的土壤CH4产生率均随时间的推移发生了明显的波动.从生长季(6月7日～8月24日)CH4产生率均值来看,不同氮输入水平对土壤CH4产生起促进作用;不同氮输入水平对植物不同生长阶段CH4产生率影响明显.第一(6月7日～7月2日)、第二(7月2日～7月20日)阶段适量的氮输入(6g.m-2)对CH4产生起促进作用,但过量氮输入(12g.m-2)会对CH4产生起抑制作用;而第三(7月20日～8月7日)、第四(8月7日～8月24日)阶段不同氮输入均对CH4产生起促进作用;氮输入后,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤基础呼吸(BR)、土壤代谢熵(qCO2)、土壤诱导呼吸(SIR)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和植物地上生物量与土壤CH4产生的动态关系存在差异.土壤CH4产生与qCO2呈显著正相关(p0.01),与土壤MBN、TOC和地上生物量呈显著正相关(p0.05).     

退耕地养分和微生物量对土壤酶活性的影响

为了解侵蚀环境下植被恢复土壤酶活性对土壤养分和微生物量指标的响应规律,以典型侵蚀环境黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域生态恢复1~50年撂荒地长期定位试验点为研究对象,采用典型逐步回归和非线性拟合来分析各指标间的耦合关系.结果表明,土壤酶活性除a淀粉酶外,均与土壤养分因子和微生物量指标有较高的相关性(P<0.05).在土壤酶活性和养分因子间,尿酶和纤维素酶主要受总氮影响,碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶主要受可利用氮影响,蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶还受到有机质的影响;在土壤酶活性和微生物量指标间,尿酶主要受微生物量磷影响,碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶均受微生物量碳影响,纤维素酶则受微生物量氮影响,但多酚氧化酶与可利用氮、有机质和微生物量碳呈负相关;此外,它们之间均存在良好的对数关系(y=b+alnx, P<0.05).     

不同水力负荷渗滤液对植物土壤系统的影响

以稳定产甲烷阶段垃圾层循环回灌处理后的渗滤液、轻壤土和百慕大草(Cynodon dactylon)为实验材料,比较了不同水力负荷渗滤液对植物-土壤系统的生态影响.结果表明,2.77～12.00 mm·d^-1渗滤液灌溉组土壤的几种关键酶活性、呼吸作用强度、土壤微生物量、微生物商,叶绿素含量均较对照组高,丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量较低;在渗滤液灌溉组间,6.46～10.15 mm·d^-1渗滤液灌溉下百慕大草Pro含量下降显著,叶绿素含量明显提高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性、MDA和H₂O₂含量较低,土壤酶活性显著提高、呼吸作用强度、微生物量和微生物商较大;而当渗滤液水力负荷过低(2.77～4.16 mm·d^-1)或过高(12.00 mm·d^-1)时百慕大草胁迫会加重、土壤生物活性下降.表明适量渗滤液灌溉可减缓环境对百慕大草的胁迫,提高土壤的生物活性,表现出对植物-土壤系统的生态正效应,其原因可能与不同水力负荷渗滤液灌溉改变了土壤的水分和理化性质.研究说明,通过控制渗滤液原液水力负荷,可望获得渗滤液灌溉对植物-土壤系统最佳的生态效应.     

添加不同 N源条件下典型除草剂对土壤呼吸和 N2O排放的影响

通过室内土壤培养实验,采用间歇密闭培养-气相色谱法研究了添加不同N源条件下我国典型旱地除草剂对农田土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在添加（NH4）2SO4氮源条件下,莠去津和百草枯对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的78.5%,N2O的排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）,仅表现为均值降低了20.1%.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.1倍,对N2O排放也无显著影响（P〉0.05）.乙草胺显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,分别是对照的1.1和1.5倍.在添加尿素的条件下,莠去津和乙草胺对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.百草枯显著促进了N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.4倍,却对土壤呼吸无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,仅为对照的82.5%,对N2O的排放却无显著影响（P〉0.05）.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,其分别是对照的1.3和1.6倍.鉴于不同除草剂对不同微生物生理代谢影响的复杂性,其对温室气体的作用和影响还需长期田间试验研究.     

3,5-二甲基吡唑对尿素氮转化及NO-3-Ｎ淋溶的影响

采用室内培养和田间试验相结合的方法,探讨了新型硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑（DMP）对尿素氮转化及玉米田硝酸盐淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,DMP对尿素水解仅起短暂的抑制作用,但可在较长时间内显著抑制土壤铵的氧化,且随DMP用量的增加,抑制效应显著增强.培养第10 d时,DMP各处理 （0.002?5、0.01 及 0.025 g/kg）的土壤NH₊₄-Ｎ累积量分别比CK提高了5.17、9.36和11.04倍,而NO^-₃-Ｎ累积量于培养第14 d时差异最大,与CK相比分别降低了33.30%、61.19%和73.72%（p<0.01）.土壤NO^-_2-Ｎ只在尿素施用前期有少量累积,但第3 d DMP各处理土壤NO^-_2-Ｎ含量降低幅度达95.77%～96.13%;土壤矿质氮总量于10 d以后,随DMP用量的增加,显著降低,而DMP1处理的土壤微生物量N在培养14～56 d期间显著提高.连续2 a的玉米田间试验原位取土测定结果表明,2004和2005年,DMP的施用使作物根系密集层以下（40～100 cm）土层的NO^-₃-Ｎ累积总量分别比CK降低了28.77%和44.70%.因此,硝化抑制剂DMP与尿素配合施用是调控氮素转化、缓解氮肥污染的有效措施.     

宁南山区不同草地土壤原位矿化过程中氮素的变化特征

用顶盖埋管法对宁南山区天然草地、人工草地和自然恢复草地中有机氮、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量和土壤氮素矿化速率在原位培养中的动态变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量,总体上在培养60 d时(4~6月)基本保持不变,60~120 d(6~8月)明显降低,120 d(8月)后有所回升,各种氮素含量均在培养120 d(8月)时最低.有机氮含量在整个培养过程中基本保持不变.土壤氮净矿化速率、净硝化速率、净氨化速率均在60~120 d(6~8月)时最低.各种氮素占总氮的比例随培养时间的延长而变化:有机氮、亚硝态氮占总氮的比例相对稳定,微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮占总氮的比例在培养0~120 d(4~8月)时降低,培养120 d(8月)后升高.土壤有机碳、pH、容重与氮素含量极显著相关,各种氮素间极显著正相关.不同草地间,各种氮素含量均表现为天然草地>自然恢复草地>人工草地.     

长期施肥对水稻土耕层微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

以亚热带2个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点的土样为对象,研究了长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量氮(B_N)和有机氮组分的影响.采用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和酸水解-蒸馏法分别对耕层土壤微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分进行了测定.结果表明,经过17a的有机无机肥配合施用,土壤氮含量水平较低的宁乡点,土壤全氮平均每年增加约40 　mg·kg^－1,而土壤氮含量水平较高的南县点,平均每年增加约55 　mg·kg^－1.有机无机肥长期配合施用也提高了土壤微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例;同时也显著增加酸解性氮及氨基酸态氮、酸解未知氮的含量.此外,土壤酸解性氮及其组分均与微生物生物量氮存在极显著的正相关关系,其中氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮对微生物生物量氮的影响最大.研究表明,有机无机肥配施是使稻田土壤氮素含量提高的重要措施,有机无机肥配施促进了土壤氮库的积累,即易矿化和较难矿化2部分氮库同时增加.     

稻田土壤β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶活性对温度变化的响应特征

温度是土壤酶活性的关键非生物影响因子,调控着土壤物质周转过程.为了探究温度变化对稻田土壤有机质周转及其关键胞外酶活性的影响,设计室内培养试验,分别在5、15、25和35℃下测定亚热带稻田土壤BG（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶）活性,探究温度对土壤胞外酶活性及其与碳氮转化过程的影响特征.结果表明:稻田土壤中w（DOC）（DOC为可利用态碳）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（MBC）（MBC为微生物生物量碳）在5~25℃下随着培养时间的增加而降低.在第15天时BG活性达到306.57~437.75 nmol/（g·h）,并随温度的增加表现为先增后减,在第3、75天时,25℃下BG活性为184.46~207.60 nmol/（g·h）.土壤酶活性的Q₁₀（温度敏感性）在15℃升至25℃时表现出正响应（Q₁₀=1.5）,而在5~15℃和25~35℃时Q₁₀ < 1,表现为消除效应.土壤酶活性的变化是多因素共同影响的结果,温度作为关键影响因子,升温显著改变了土壤中w（DOC）、w（NH₄+-N）、w（MBC）、w（MBN）（MBN为微生物生物量氮）,进而影响土壤BG活性;土壤中w（MBC）对BG活性具有直接的显著负影响作用.研究显示,对参与稻田土壤碳转化BG酶活性的温度敏感性及其与土壤关键理化因子之间的耦合关系进行量化,有助于深入开展水稻土碳循环及其调控机制研究.      

Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide

The effect of pesticide napropamide (N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy) propanamide) on soil microorganisms for long-term (56 d) was assessed by monitoring changes in soil microbial biological responses. Soils were treated with napropamide at 0, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg soil and sampled at intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d. The average microbial biomass C declined in napropamide-treated soils as compared to control. The same trend was observed on microbial biomass N after napropamide application.We also determined the basal soil respiration (BSR) and observed a high level in soils treated with napropamide during the first 7 d of experiment. But with the passage of incubation time, BSR with napropamide decreased relatively to control. Application of napropamide at 2–80 mg/kg soil had inhibitory e ects on the activity of urease and invertase. Activity of catalase was enhanced during the initial 7 d of napropamide application, but soon recovered to the basal level. The depressed enzyme activities might be due to the toxicity of napropamide to the soil microbial populations. To further understand the e ect of napropamide on microbial communities, a PCRDGGE- based experiment and cluster analysis of 16S rDNA community profiles were performed. Our analysis revealed an apparent di erence in bacterial-community composition between the napropamide treatments and control. Addition of napropamide apparently increased the number of bands during the 7–14 d of incubation. These results imply that napropamide-induced toxicity was responsible for the disturbance of the microbial populations in soil.     

Effects of combination of plant and microorganism on degradation of simazine in soil

The degradative characteristics of simazine （SIM）, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria and most probably number （MPN） of SIM degraders in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non- rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg SIM/kg soil, the half-lives of SIM in the four treated soils were measured to be 73.0, 52.9, 16.9, and 7.8 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The experimental results indicated that higher degradation rates of SIM were observed in rhizosphere soils, especially in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of SIM were closely related to microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but did little to influence those community components responsible for SIM degradation. This suggested that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides was a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.     

Soil resource availability impacts microbial response to organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen inputs

Impacts of newly added organic carbon （C） and inorganic nitrogen （N） on the microbial utilization of soil organic matter are important in determining the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. We examined microbial responses to cellulose and ammonium nitrate additions in three soils with very different C and N availability. These soils included an organic soil（ 14.2% total organic C, with extremely high extractable N and low labile C）, a forest soi1（4.7% total organic C, with high labile C and extremely low extractable N）, and a grassland soil（1.6% total organic C, with low extractable N and labile C）. While cellulose addition alone significantly enhanced microbial respiration and biomass C and N in the organic and grassland soils, it accelerated only the microbial respiration in the highly-N limited forest soil. These results indicated that when N was not limited, C addition enhanced soil respiration by stimulating both microbial growth and their metabolic activity, New C inputs lead to elevated C release in all three soils, and the magnitude of the enhancement was higher in the organic and grassland soils than the forest soil. The addition of cellulose plus N to the forest and grassland soils initially increased the microbial biomass and respiration rates, but decreased the rates as time progressed. Compared to cellulose addition alone, cellulose plus N additions increased the total C-released in the grassland soil, but not in the forest soil. The enhancement of total C- released induced by C and N addition was less than 50% of the added-C in the forest soil after 96 d of incubation, in contrast to 87.5% and 89.0% in the organic and grassland soils. These results indicate that indigenous soil C and N availability substantially impacts the allocation of organic C for microbial biomass growth and/or respiration, potentially regulating the turnover rates of the new organic C inputs.