贵阳市花溪城区大气PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的变化特征及来源解析

碳质气溶胶作为大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对大气环境质量、人类健康及全球气候变化有着重要的影响.为探究贵阳市花溪城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中碳质气溶胶的变化特征及来源,于2020年不同季节开展大气PM_2.5原位观测研究,利用热/光学碳分析仪（DRI Model 2015）测定大气PM_2.5的碳质组分.结果表明,观测期间大气ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ[总碳质气溶胶（TCA）]、ρ[有机碳（OC）]、ρ[二次有机碳（SOC）]和ρ[元素碳（EC）]的平均值分别为：（39.7±22.3）、（14.1±7.2）、（7.6±3.9）、（4.4±2.6）和（2.0±1.0）μg·m^-3,OC/EC的平均值为（3.9±0.8）.ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（TCA）、ρ（OC）、ρ（SOC）和ρ（EC）呈现冬季最高[（52.6±28.6）、（17.0±9.6）、（9.1±5.2）、（6.1±3.9）和（2.4±1.2）μg·m^-3],夏季最低[（25.1±7.1）、（11.6±3.6）、（6.3±1.9）、（3.7±1.2）和（1.6±0.6）μg·m^-3]的季节变化特征.OC/EC季节变化呈现：夏季（4.2±0.8）>冬季（3.8±0.9）>秋季（3.8±0.5）>春季（3.7±0.9）,表明花溪城区各季节均存在SOC生成.SOC与OC呈现显著相关（R²=0.9）,且随着大气氧化性增强,SOC浓度呈增加趋势.OC与EC各季节均呈现较好相关性,其中秋季最高（R²=0.9）,其他3个季节偏低（R²为0.74~0.75）,表明二者具有共同来源.通过OC/EC值范围初步判断碳质气溶胶来源于机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放和生物质燃烧排放.为了进一步定量解析主要排放源对碳质气溶胶的贡献,利用PMF模型对碳质气溶胶来源解析,结果表明贵阳市花溪城区碳质气溶胶主要来源为燃煤源（29.3%）、机动车排放源（21.5%）和生物质燃烧源（49.2%）.     

·Cl引发α-蒎烯的大气氧化机制及动力学

α-蒎烯是大气中含量最丰富的单萜烯类挥发性有机化合物,与氯自由基（·Cl）反应是其重要的转化途径.然而,·Cl引发α-蒎烯大气氧化的分子机制尚不清楚.本研究采用量子化学计算与微观动力学模拟相结合的方法,研究了·Cl与α-蒎烯的引发反应以及引发反应生成的主要α-蒎烯自由基的后续转化机制与动力学.结果发现,·Cl反式加成到α-蒎烯的C₂位置生成加成中间体IM_1-9-a是最可行的反应途径.在298 K和1.013×10⁵ Pa条件下,计算得到·Cl与α-蒎烯的反应速率常数（k_Cl）为3.1×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1,与k_Cl的实验值（4.6±1.3）×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1一致.生成的IM_1-9-a进一步与O₂反应生成过氧自由基IM_3-1-a,在2.5×10⁹ cm^-3（100 ppt） NO和1.25×10⁹ cm^-3（50 ppt） HO₂·条件下,IM_3-1-a后续主要与NO和HO₂·反应生成有机硝酸酯（C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₃和C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₄）、氢过氧化物（C₁₀H₁₇ClO₂和C₁₀H₁₇ClO₃）和烷氧自由基（C₁₀H₁₆ClO₂·）.生成的 闭壳层产物与母体α-蒎烯相比具有较高的O∶C比,可能具有较低的蒸气压,进而贡献二次有机气溶胶.本研究结果可为全面评价α-蒎烯的 大气化学反应对大气质量的影响提供理论支撑.     

2019年秋季南京北郊气溶胶光学特性研究

于2019年11月1日-12月4日在南京北郊对气溶胶光学特性进行观测研究,使用三波长光声黑碳光谱仪（PASS-3）对气溶胶吸收系数β_abs和散射系数β_sca进行了实时在线观测.结果表明,532 nm处的β_abs和β_sca平均值分别为（31.58±16.84）Mm^-1和（168.46±127.09）Mm^-1,均低于南京以往的观测值.β_abs和β_sca的日变化呈双峰型,早晚高峰均与交通排放有关.除早晚高峰以外,β_sca在13：00-14：00略有回升,这与二次气溶胶的生成有关.本次观测期间气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数在风向为东风、东南风和西风时易出现高值,东风、东南风时受到本地排放的影响,西风时受到外地污染物传输的影响,气溶胶的消光物质主要集中在细粒子上.对观测期间典型污染过程的分析表明,高湿度、低风速的不利扩散条件下本地污染排放与西北向污染气团传输的叠加,使得气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数出现连续高值.吸收系数主要受交通排放影响,而工业源和交通源排放的SO₂、NO_x等气态污染物经过大气光化学氧化或液相氧化形成的二次气溶胶及其吸湿增长是导致散射系数增强的主要原因.     

天津市冬季气溶胶吸湿因子的粒径分布特征

气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子［g（RH）］是影响气溶胶消光和气溶胶辐射强迫的重要因素.利用吸湿性串联差分电迁移率分析仪（HTDMA）观测了天津市冬季不同污染状态下气溶胶粒子g_m（RH）的粒径分布.同时基于水溶性离子的粒径分布,利用κ-Köhler理论获取了较宽粒径范围内（60 nm~9.8 μm）的g_κ（RH）,为环境状态下气溶胶光学参数和直接辐射强迫的模拟提供基础.结果表明,清洁状态下大气光化学反应较为活跃,超细粒子（<100 nm）的g_m（RH）较高,g_m（RH=80%）在1.30以上.重度污染天,气溶胶中水溶性离子的质量分数随粒子粒径增大而增加,导致g_m（RH）随着粒子粒径增大而增大,300 nm粒子的g_m（RH=80%）和g_m（RH=85%）分别可达1.39和1.46.在较宽粒径范围（60 nm~9.8 μm）内,不同模态气溶胶的吸湿性强弱表现为积聚模态>爱根模态>粗模态.大气重污染过程中气溶胶粒径明显增大,积聚模态气溶胶中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-含量较清洁天明显增加,受此影响,污染状态下积聚模态气溶胶的吸湿性较清洁天明显增强,g_κ（RH）达到1.3~1.4,具有强吸湿性的气溶胶粒径范围也同时扩大,在0.18~3.1 μm粒径段均较高,对能见度恶化有重要的贡献.     

太湖氧化亚氮(N2O)排放特征及潜在驱动因素

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是《京都议定书》规定的6种温室气体之一,其百年增温趋势是CO₂的298倍,大气N₂O浓度在持续快速增长中.浅水湖泊是大气N₂O的重要来源,为探讨富营养湖泊太湖N₂O排放的时空变化及潜在驱动因素,于2月（冬）和8月（夏）不同季节下在太湖进行野外观测,采用扩散系数-顶空瓶法观测表层水体N₂O浓度［c（N₂O）］和排放通量［F（N₂O）］,并讨论分析N₂O排放的潜在驱动因素.由于溶解性有机物（DOM）光谱是溶解性有机碳（DOC）及溶解性有机氮（DON）来源组成的有效示踪指标,其迁移转化过程亦会释放大量无机氮,改变水体氧化还原电位,因而也能影响N₂O排放.结果表明,太湖表层水体N₂O的浓度和排放通量表现出的时间变化及空间变化强烈受到季节（水温）差异和营养水平的共同影响,其表层水体c（ČN₂O）均值为（19.7±2.7） nmol·L^-1,F（N₂O）均值为（41.1±1.8）μmol·（m²·d）^-1,两者均表现为夏季高于冬季（t-test,P<0.01）;DOM和DOC等有机质的输入累积能够提高水体N₂O的产生和排放潜力,其中N₂O排放通量与水体类腐殖质组分C1显著正相关,表征陆源输入的荧光峰积分比值I_C ：I_T及芳香性指标S_275-295都表明西北入湖河口区积累了大量陆源类腐殖酸,其转化降解对N₂O的产生及排放有较大的贡献.结果显示水温、DOM组成来源和营养水平等均是影响太湖水体N₂O排放的重要因素.长期连续观测能更好地全面评估各种因素对水体N₂O产生及排放的影响并科学合理地制定减排方案.     

春季南海东沙岛硝酸盐干沉降通量、形成机制及其来源

硝酸盐是大气中主要的酸性离子,也是大气活性氮沉降主要的组成部分。中国目前对大气硝酸盐形成机制及其来源的研究主要集中在陆地区域,对海洋气溶胶的硝酸盐的形成机制及其来源的研究较少。本研究于2013年春季（3—5月）,在中国南海东沙岛共计采集了86个总悬浮颗粒（TSP）气溶胶样本,分析了TSP样品中NO₃⁻浓度、δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻和δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值。结果表明：东沙岛春季TSP中浓度呈现逐月下降的趋势。基于浓度估算东沙岛春季NO₃⁻-N干沉降通量范围为(1.0±0.5)—(3.4±1.7) mg·d⁻¹·m⁻²（以N计,余同）。δ¹⁸O-NO₃⁻值在3月和4月（76.1‰±3.8‰和79.1‰±5.6‰）明显高于5月（67.0‰±7.5‰）,表明东沙岛3月和4月硝酸盐的形成路径不同于5月。贝叶斯同位素混合模型计算结果显示：N₂O₅参与的路径（N₂O₅+H₂O/Cl⁻和NO₃+VOCs）在3月和4月生成了37.2%和43.3%的硝酸盐,5月NO₂+OH路径是硝酸盐的主要形成路径,形成了80.2%的硝酸盐。δ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻值和气团后向轨迹表明,东沙岛春季不同月份TSP中NO₃⁻的来源不同,3月和4月以陆地源为主,5月主要受海洋源影响。     

2007年春节期间北京大气细粒子中正构烷烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM_2.5样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的正构烷烃进行了检测和分析.结果表明,春节期间大气细粒子平均浓度全部超过WHO阈值,且夜间平均浓度要高于白天.细粒子中检测出C₁₀～C₃₃的正构烷烃,总浓度为201.7～2 715.6　ng·m^-3,夜间正构烷烃的平均总浓度（943.5 ng·m^-3）要高于白天(581.1 ng·m^-3）,除夕前的平均总浓度（1025.5 ng·m^-3）要高于除夕后（536.6 ng·m^-3）.主峰碳为23、 24和25,CPI值为0.9～1.4,平均为1.15,表明春节期间北京大气细粒子中的正构烷烃主要由化石燃料的不完全燃烧产生,%WaxC_n的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为8.5%～47%.     

亚热带稻区氨浓度多时间尺度变化及其干沉降

气象因子与人为活动显著影响大气氨浓度及其干沉降.目前,有关大气氨浓度的月尺度的时空变异特征有较多研究,而关于小时及日尺度等更精细时间尺度的大气浓度的变化特征及影响因素还不清楚.选取湖南省长沙县一个典型双季稻区,采用快速NH₃分析仪和小型气象站对大气NH₃浓度与相关气象因子进行为期1 a的在线连续监测,对不同时间尺度（小时、日、月）下大气氨浓度、气象影响因子与干沉降通量进行分析.主要结果如下：稻区全年ρ（NH₃）日平均值（以N计,下同）变化范围在0.01~58.0 μg·m^-3,年平均值为5.3 μg·m^-3.从小时尺度来看,大气NH₃浓度24 h动态均呈现单峰型,在不同季节峰值出现的时间存在差异,冬季较其余3个季节滞后.从日尺度来看,NH₃浓度主要受稻区施肥影响,在施肥后1 ~ 3d出现高峰,其后逐渐下降.从月尺度来看,ρ（NH₃）月平均值在7月达到峰值,为12.8 μg·m^-3;10月为1.6 μg·m^-3,为谷值.从小时尺度看,NH₃浓度受气象因子的影响因季节发生变化,主要表现为：四季中NH₃浓度与空气温度、太阳辐射均表现出显著正相关,在春夏两季,与风速呈显著正相关,而除冬季外其与空气相对湿度呈显著负相关.从日尺度看,NH₃浓度与空气温度、降雨量和太阳辐射均呈显著正相关,而与相对湿度呈显著负相关.在月尺度上,各单个气象因子与NH₃浓度无显著相关性.干沉降计算结果表明,以小时平均NH₃浓度计算得到的干沉降通量（以N计）为8.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,比以日平均计算的年通量高11.6%,比以月平均计算的年通量高12.4%.综上所述,亚热带稻区氨气浓度存在显著日变化和季节变化,加强氨气浓度的小时尺度观测,有助于揭示氨气浓度的多时间尺度变化特征和更准确定量氨气干沉降.     

西安市PM2.5中碳质气溶胶污染特征

利用热光分析法探究了西安市2017年353个PM_2.5样品中的元素碳（EC）、有机碳（OC）、甲醇可萃取有机碳（MSOC）以及热-光分析法得到的7个碳组分（OC1~4、EC1~3）的质量浓度、季节变化趋势以及来源.结果表明,西安市2017年OC、EC以及MSOC的平均质量浓度分别为（17.56±11.83）、（4.08±2.95）和（11.10±6.77）μg·m^-3.OC质量浓度的季节性趋势为冬季 > 春季 > 夏季 > 秋季;EC为冬季 > 春季≈秋季 > 夏季.MSOC/OC比值年平均值为0.64±0.20,冬季最高,夏季最低.春季OC和EC相关性较好（r²=0.76）,而在冬季的相关性较差（r²=0.43）,说明碳气溶胶的来源不同.采用EC示踪法对二次气溶胶的含量进行估算,SOC的平均含量分别占到了春、夏、秋、冬四季OC质量浓度的51.9%、38.4%、37.3%、44.0%.采用主成分分析法得出西安市的碳质气溶胶主要来源于燃煤和机动车排放.     

成都郊区(新津)夏季甲醛污染特征分析

甲醛（HCHO）是大气光化学重要污染物之一,为研究西南地区郊区大气夏季甲醛污染特征选取了四川省成都市新津区进行大气甲醛观测,结合NO_x、O₃、PAN、J-value、温湿度、风速风向、天气数据进行分析.观测期间成都市新津区夏季甲醛浓度为0.76×10^-9~12.50×10^-9（V/V）,均值为3.47×10^-9±2.05×10^-9（V/V）,呈现明显的日变化规律.结合数据分析可知,一次人为排放源在成都郊区夏季日间甲醛贡献中占比较低.观测期间甲醛受光照的影响较大,与O₃、PAN、J-value普遍呈现一致的变化规律,因此成都市夏季日间甲醛主要来源为甲醛前体物的二次光化学反应.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.