重点行业企业用地地下水中挥发性有机物分析方法探究

通过优化顶空条件(氯化钠加入量、顶空平衡温度、顶空平衡时间),对采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定地下水中55种挥发性有机物的方法进行探究.结果表明:该方法检出限为0.24～2.30μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.76％ ～13.2％,实际样品加标回收率为82.7％ ～119％.该方法具有较高的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,操作...     

预浓缩-气质联用法测定高山大气中氯氟烃

建立了预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用技术,同时检测高山大气中二氟二氯甲烷、四氟二氯乙烷、一氟三氯甲烷、三氟三氯乙烷的分析方法。4种物质的检出限分别为0.013、0.022、0.021、0.030μg/m~3,相对标准偏差在5.6%以下,标准曲线相关系数大于0.996,加标回收率为93.2%~98.3%。对庐山大气进行监测,结果表明,庐山大气中4种氯氟烃的浓度均高于武夷山和湖北神龙架大气背景点,庐山大气中CFC-11、CFC-113的浓度接近于泰山和贡嘎山的浓度。     

顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水和废水中8种苯系物

采用顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法(HS-GC/MS)测定水和废水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯等8种苯系物,优化了分析条件,讨论了色谱柱极性、加热温度、平衡时间和进样次数对测定结果的影响。8种苯系物在1.00μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.22μg/L～0.38μg/L,实际样品平行测定的相对标准偏差5.0%,加标回收率在86.0%～115%之间。     

车载顶空-气相色谱质谱法在水体挥发性有机污染物应急监测中的应用

建立了车载顶空-气相色谱质谱法(GC/MS)测定水中22种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,顶空平衡温度和平衡时间的最优设置分别为80℃和30 min。该方法各目标化合物分离良好,在目标化合物质量浓度5~100μg/L范围内,线性良好,相关系数均0.995,方法的检出限为1.16~2.88μg/L,RSD为7.71%~26.5%,加标回收率为52.3%~129%,能够满足应急监测工作的需要。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中硝基酚类化合物

采用聚醚砜滤膜过滤净化水样,以Dionex Pac AG11色谱柱作为分析柱,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中2,6-二硝基酚、地乐酚和消螨酚等3种硝基酚类化合物。结果表明,方法在1.00μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.09μg/L～0.19μg/L,定量下限为0.36μg/L～0.76μg/L。3种目标物4个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为93.6%～118%,7次测定结果的RSD为0.7%～4.8%。     

顶空-毛细管气相色谱法同步测定水中吡啶丙酮乙腈

建立了顶空-毛细管气相色谱测定水中吡啶丙酮乙腈的方法,不用有机溶剂萃取和浓缩,减少了损失和对环境的污染,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、定量准确、操作简便等特点。当取样量为5ml时,检出限可达到0.006~0.03mg/L级,相对标准偏差为1.0%~2.3%,加标回收率在78.0%~100.2%之间,完全适合水中吡啶丙酮乙腈的测定。     

顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中卤代烃

建立顶空-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定土壤中挥发性及半挥发性卤代烃的方法。实验优化顶空平衡温度、顶空平衡时间及盐度条件,并对优化后方法的线性、检出限、精密度及回收率进行分析。结果表明:29种目标化合物在线性范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.997,方法检出限为2.2~5.9μg/kg,样品不同浓度水平加标回收率范围为80.0%~120%,相对标准偏差小于20%。该方法适用于土壤样品中挥发及半挥发性卤代烃的测定。     

顶空-便携式气相色谱法测定土壤中的苯系物

建立了顶空-便携式气相色谱快速测定土壤中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的方法,并讨论了无机盐及振荡时间等因素对顶空分析灵敏度的影响。结果表明,方法回收率为87.2%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.3%~7.8%,最低检出限为0.1~0.8μg/kg;苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的线性范围分别为0.8~160μg/kg、1.6~320μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg和3.2~800μg/kg。方法回收率、RSD与标准方法相比没有显著性差异,较之标准方法其更能满足现场快速监测的需要。     

顶空气相色谱法测定土壤中有机溶剂残留量

以HP-INNOWAX色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)为分离柱,火焰离子化检验,外标法定量,考察顶空平衡温度、平衡时间对土壤中有机溶剂残留量测定结果的影响。建立了土壤中正己烷、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇等有机溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱分析方法。实验结果表明,在顶空平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为30 min条件下获得较好的定量结果。正己烷的线性方程为Y=11.49X-4.806、乙酸乙酯为Y=4.997X-2.873、丙酮为Y=9.710X-1.556、甲醇为Y=9.316X-5.956;平均回收率范围为78%~97%,精密度(以相对标准偏差计,n=6)为2.8%~9.4%,检出限分别为0.9、0.2、0.6 mg/L和0.4 mg/L。利用该方法对实际样品土壤中有机溶剂残留量进行了检测。结果表明,该样品中含有正己烷和甲醇,其含量分别为1.9 mg/L和1.1 mg/L。本方法快速、灵敏、准确,适用于土壤中残留溶剂的检测。     

自动顶空进样气相色谱法测定饮用水水源中低质量浓度苯系物

以《水质 苯系物的测定 顶空/气相色谱法》（HJ 1067—2019）为基础,通过选取最优的顶空加热平衡温度和优化色谱柱升温程序,建立了自动顶空进样气相色谱法测定饮用水水源中低质量浓度苯系物的方法。该方法能够实现苯系物组分分离清晰,有效提高了检测效率。采用低质量浓度的苯系物系列溶液绘制校准曲线,在0.10～2.00 μg/mL范围内获得较好的线性关系,相关系数（r）为 0.999 4～0.999 9,检出限为0.001～0.002 μg/mL,相对标准偏差为1.5%～4.5%,加标回收率为880%～980%。该方法能够满足对饮用水水源中低质量浓度苯系物准确、高效的测定要求。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.