参与光化学反应的物质对UV能量吸收的估算

在对北京紫外辐射(UV)观测资料分析的基础上,提出参与光化学反应的物质对UV能量具有吸收作用.计算了1990年12个月实际天气比晴天UV能量的减少值在64～109 W/m2之间,这一减少受臭氧、"水汽"、气溶胶等因子的衰减分别为39.1～66.3,21.5～36.5,3.2～5.5 W/m2(12月除外),12个月的平均值分别为48.3,26.6,4.0 W/m2.计算结果表明,云天大气对UV能量有衰减,其衰减能量中有26.6 W/m2是"水汽的作用",即参与大气光化学反应的物质对UV能量吸收所造成的,此计算值同国外观测与模式的研究结果比较接近.由于现有模式中还没有考虑这一部分能量,所以造成模式结果与观测结果间较大的差异.      

In search of the sky compass in the insect brain

Like many vertebrate species, insects rely on a sun compass for spatial orientation and long- range navigation. In addition to the sun, however, insects can also use the polarization pattern of the sky as a reference for estimating navigational directions. Recent analysis of polarization vision pathways in the brain of orthopteroid insects sheds some light onto brain areas that might act as internal navigation centers. Here I review the significance, peripheral mechanisms, and central processing stages for polarization vision in insects with special reference to the locust Schistocerca gregaria. As in other insect species, polarization vision in locusts relies on specialized photoreceptor cells in a small dorsal rim area of the compound eye. Stages in the brain involved in polarized light signaling include specific areas in the lamina, medulla and lobula of the optic lobe and, in the midbrain, the anterior optic tubercle, the lateral accessory lobe, and the central complex. Integration of polarized-light signals with information on solar position appears to start in the optic lobe. In the central complex, polarization-opponent interneurons form a network of interconnected neurons. The organization of the central complex, its connections to thoracic motor centers, and its involvement in the spatial control of locomotion strongly suggest that it serves as a spatial organizer within the insect brain, including the functions of compass orientation and path integration. Time compensation in compass orientation is possibly achieved through a neural pathway from the internal circadian clock in the accessory medulla to the protocerebral bridge of the central complex.     

北方地区典型天气对城市森林内大气颗粒物的影响

以北京西山几种游憩型城市森林为例,在一年四季选择典型天气条件,对4种粒径的大气颗粒物浓度进行全天24h监测,研究北方地区不同季节典型天气因素白昼不同时段对不同结构的城市森林内不同粗细粒径的大气颗粒物浓度变化的影响.结果发现:降雨使大气颗粒物浓度减少,尤其粗颗粒物(TSP只为连续晴天的0.58~0.68),所以雨后晴天粒径较小的颗粒物所占比例会增加.不过,有时在雨后的夜间由于空气湿度大大气颗粒物浓度也会增加.雪能够降低大气颗粒物浓度,“雪后晴天”4种粒径颗粒物浓度均只有连续晴天的0.2倍.多云和雾霾天气使大气颗粒物污染加重,尤其在夜间;雾霾和多云对小粒径颗粒物浓度的增加效果明显.夏季高温高湿静风、闷热的“桑拿天”能使郁闭度较大的林地内大气颗粒物特别是细颗粒物浓度及其所占的比例显著增加,PM2.5的浓度是“连续晴天”的2.53倍.风在雨后能使大气颗粒物在一定程度上扩散减少,而在天气干燥时刮风会增加城市森林内大气颗粒物的浓度,且多云会加重干燥天气刮风后大气颗粒物的污染程度.春、冬季林地裸露的落叶阔叶树在刮风时大气颗粒物浓度较四季常绿、地表覆盖物多的针叶林高,夏、秋季桑拿天和雾霾天郁闭度大的侧柏林大气颗粒物浓度较林地结构开阔的黄栌林高.     

Polarization-Sensitive Interneurons in the Optic Lobe of the Desert Ant Cataglyphis bicolor

 Desert ants, Cataglyphis bicolor (Hymenoptera), navigate by using compass information provided by skylight polarization. In this study, electrophysiological recordings were made from polarization-sensitive interneurons (POL-neurons) in the optic lobe of Cataglyphis. The POL-neurons exhibit a characteristic polarization opponency. They receive monochromatic input from the UV receptors of the specialized dorsal rim area of the compound eye. Both polarization opponency and monochromacy are features also found in the POL-neurons of crickets (Orthoptera). Received: 29 September 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 13 December 1999     

云对太阳紫外辐射的影响

云对到达地面的太阳紫外辐射有着重要的影响,根据在香河综合观测站１年的观测资料,利用相关分析,得到了计算云天条件下太阳紫外总辐射的一种经验公式,计算结果比较令人满意。对阴天太阳紫外总辐射的减弱作了简单的分析。     

鼎湖山臭氧、氮氧化物和太阳可见光辐射相互关系的研究

给出了１９９６年了在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区对太阳可见光 段辐射，地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的观测结果，对影响地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２的主要因子进行了分析，并得到了较好的结果，晴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度有明显的日变化；阴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的日变化要复杂一些。     

New kind of polarotaxis governed by degree of polarization: attraction of tabanid flies to differently polarizing host animals and water surfaces

Aquatic insects find their habitat from a remote distance by means of horizontal polarization of light reflected from the water surface. This kind of positive polarotaxis is governed by the horizontal direction of polarization (E-vector). Tabanid flies also detect water by this kind of polarotaxis. The host choice of blood-sucking female tabanids is partly governed by the linear polarization of light reflected from the host’s coat. Since the coat-reflected light is not always horizontally polarized, host finding by female tabanids may be different from the established horizontal E-vector polarotaxis. To reveal the optical cue of the former polarotaxis, we performed choice experiments in the field with tabanid flies using aerial and ground-based visual targets with different degrees and directions of polarization. We observed a new kind of polarotaxis being governed by the degree of polarization rather than the E-vector direction of reflected light. We show here that female and male tabanids use polarotaxis governed by the horizontal E-vector to find water, while polarotaxis based on the degree of polarization serves host finding by female tabanids. As a practical by-product of our studies, we explain the enigmatic attractiveness of shiny black spheres used in canopy traps to catch tabanids.     

鼎湖山地面臭氧、氮氧化物变化特征的分析

给出了１９９６年夏季在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区对太阳紫外Ｂ辐射、地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的观测结果，对影响地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２的主要因子进行了分析，并得到了较好的结果．晴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度有明显的日变化；阴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的日变化要复杂一些．晴天和阴天条件下，ＵＶＢ因子与ｑ１、ｑ２、ｑ３、ｑ４之间存在着很好的相关关系，其关系式为ｌｎ（ＱＵＶＢ／ｍ）＝ａ１ｑ１＋ａ２ｑ２＋ａ３ｑ３＋ａ４ｑ４＋ａ０．说明大气中的光化学反应是决定地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度变化规律的主要原因．     

多云天气异戊二烯排放通量的计算

根据2002和2003年夏季内蒙古草原的实测资料,发现多云天气下,云通过可见光辐射对异戊二烯排放带来明显影响.研究和提高云量较大条件下异戊二烯排放通量计算的准确性是非常必要和重要的,它将有助于全面了解和准确估算不同天气、所有时段异戊二烯的排放通量.研究表明,对于云量≥6的时段,可以将经验公式中的大气质量(m)取为1,并使用原计算系数来计算异戊二烯的排放通量,其计算值与观测值相对偏差的平均值可降为72%,该方法可以明显降低多云天气下排放通量计算值的不确定性.      

Ventral polarization vision in tabanids: horseflies and deerflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are attracted to horizontally polarized light

Adult tabanid flies (horseflies and deerflies) are terrestrial and lay their eggs onto marsh plants near bodies of fresh water because the larvae develop in water or mud. To know how tabanids locate their host animals, terrestrial rendezvous sites and egg-laying places would be very useful for control measures against them, because the hematophagous females are primary/secondary vectors of some severe animal/human diseases/parasites. Thus, in choice experiments performed in the field we studied the behavior of tabanids governed by linearly polarized light. We present here evidence for positive polarotaxis, i.e., attraction to horizontally polarized light stimulating the ventral eye region, in both males and females of 27 tabanid species. The novelty of our findings is that positive polarotaxis has been described earlier only in connection with the water detection of some aquatic insects ovipositing directly into water. A further particularity of our discovery is that in the order Diptera and among blood-sucking insects the studied tabanids are the first known species possessing ventral polarization vision and definite polarization-sensitive behavior with known functions. The polarotaxis in tabanid flies makes it possible to develop new optically luring traps being more efficient than the existing ones based on the attraction of tabanids by the intensity and/or color of reflected light.     

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…     

北京晴天紫外辐射的传输、损失及其长期变化

基于北京1990年晴天太阳辐射和气象观测资料的分析,考虑了影响紫外辐射(UV)的主要因子——臭氧、光化学、散射等对UV能量的吸收、利用和散射作用,发展了晴天UV的经验模式.研究表明,1990和1991年UV计算值与UV测量值吻合较好,二者相对偏差的平均值分别为3.68％、3.83％.利用此经验模式计算了大气上界的UV,计算结果较为合理.采用经验模式及考虑太阳活动、轨道参数、大气成分等因素的订正,计算了北京1979-1998年晴天的UV,其表现为下降趋势,年均下降率为0.20％.1979-1998年晴天,受臭氧、光化学和散射等因子影响,损失于大气中的各个UV能量都表现出增长趋势,年增长率分别为6.93％、7.56％、7.13％;损失于大气的UV能量以吸收和利用作用为主,并表现为冬季最大的特征.     

Wind and sky as compass cues in desert ant navigation

While integrating their foraging and homing paths, desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, depend on external compass cues. Whereas recent research in bees and ants has focused nearly exclusively on the polarization compass, two other compass systems—the sun compass and the wind (anemo) compass—as well as the mutual interactions of all these compass systems have received little attention. In this study, we show that of the two visual compass systems, it is only the polarization compass that invariably outcompetes the wind compass, while the sun compass does so only under certain conditions. If the ants are experimentally deprived of their polarization compass system, but have access simultaneously to both their sun compass and their wind compass, they steer intermediate courses. The intermediate courses shift the more towards the wind compass course, the higher the elevation of the sun is in the sky.     

利用卫星资料估算福建晴空太阳辐射

利用卫星数据反演得到大气可降水量和气溶胶光学厚度等影响太阳辐射的参数,通过辐射传输模型进一步反演得到晴空地表太阳总辐射时曝辐量,并用2008-2009 年20 个地面站实测数据对反演结果进行验证。结果表明：遥感反演得到的晴空地表太阳总辐射时曝辐量与地面实测结果在空间上具有很好的一致性,两者相关系数为0.807,平均相对误差为9.6%,相对误差在10%以内的样本占总样本的74%。气溶胶对太阳辐射的影响最为显著,而水汽的影响相对较小,由气溶胶引起的太阳辐射削减量全年平均值为0.421 MJ/（m²·h）,而水汽引起的则为 0.204 MJ/（m²·h）,太阳辐射的空间分布与气溶胶的空间分布一致,气溶胶的高（低）值区对应太阳辐射的低（高）值区。     

波长254 nm和365 nm紫外辐照下活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解动力学研究

以活性艳红X-3B为对象,研究其在不同波段紫外光照射条件下的光催化降解动力学.结果表明,在长波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学符合表观一级动力学方程,其反应表观速率常数与光强之间呈对数关系;在短波紫外条件下,活性艳红X-3B的降解动力学可以用二级动力学方程拟合,速率常数与光强之间成正比.通过对比X-3B在2种光源下的降解半衰期发现,在同比条件下,365 nm光源对活性艳红X-3B的降解半衰期为37.263 min,而254 nm光源则下降为0.855 min.短波紫外比长波紫外具有更高的光量子效率,其对X-3B的降解效率也更高.     

黑龙江省玉米低温冷害风险综合评估模型研究

论文利用黑龙江省进行农作物生育期观测的24个气象台站1961-2009年逐日平均气温资料和1980-2009年玉米生育期资料,采用"5-9月的月平均气温和的距平"与"黑龙江省玉米低温冷害综合指标体系"对黑龙江省1961年以来低温冷害危险性进行了评估;以黑龙江省75个县的玉米种植面积为指标对暴露性进行了评估;以玉米单产为基础进行了灾损敏感性评估;最终建立了黑龙江省玉米低温冷害风险综合评估模型。根据模型,把黑龙江省划分为高、次高、中等、次低、低等5个风险区,大、小兴安岭、南部山区为高或次高风险区,松嫩平原北部处于次高风险区,三江平原东部为低风险区。该风险评估模型有助于提升黑龙江省低温冷害定量评估能力,同时对其它农业气象灾害风险评估模型的建立可以起到借鉴和参考作用。     

Ozone decomposition under the irradiation of 253.7 nm in the presence of methyl bromide

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＯｖｅｒｐａｓｔｔｅｎ ｙｅａｒｓ,ｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｏｚｏｎｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｅｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅａｎｄｂｒｏｍｉｄｅ(Ｈａｒｒｉｓ,1995) .Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｒｏｍｉｄｅｉｓｍｕｃｈｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ,ｔｈｅｏｚｏｎｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｂｒｏｍｉｄｅｉｓ 50ｔｉｍｅｓｇｒｅａｔｅｒ (Ｈａｒｒｉｓ,1995;ＭｃＥｌｒｏｙ ,1986)…     

气溶胶中溶解性有机质(DOM)液相氧化

许多实验研究都关注大气凝聚相中单一有机化合物的液相光化学,对于实际大气液相环境中溶解性有机质（DOM）的液相光化学氧化的研究还很少.为此,本文报道了模拟太阳光和紫外光辐照下,大气气溶胶水相萃取的DOM直接或·OH氧化的实验结果.不同光解阶段的产物的吸光、氧化特性采用UV-vis和黑炭气溶胶质谱仪（SP-AMS）分析.结果表明,紫外光体系中DOM得到不断降解,相应的产物f44值远低于太阳光体系;液相光解时会生成多种羧酸,草酸的生成量最高.太阳光照反应条件下吸光度和HULIS浓度变化不大;而UV和UV+·OH条件下,HULIS浓度随反应时间不断增加,UV+·OH中反应23 h时HULIS浓度约为初始的4倍,说明含羧基、羟基和芳香基等官能团的棕色碳的形成.综合研究结果表明,太阳光作用下实际DOM液相氧化时吸光性和棕色碳的形成速率不是很快,而紫外光作用下大部分DOM不断分解为HULIS或小分子物质,剩余的有机物的吸光性可能比较强,导致最终产物的单位质量吸收效率（MAE）比较高.本文首次探讨了实际膜液相氧化过程,结果对厘清大气复合污染的形成机制提供重要依据.     

UV/H_2O_2对土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化效果的初步研究

为了减弱As迁移能力,降低其毒性,将土壤中As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),使其更容易被固定。通过人工模拟的受砷污染土壤研究了自然光、紫外线、H2O2、自然光+H2O2和紫外线+H2O2对As(Ⅲ)的氧化效果。结果表明:5个组合均能氧化As(Ⅲ),紫外线+H2O2组合氧化效果最好,在此基础上通过正交试验确定该组合对As(Ⅲ)氧化的最优操作条件。UVC波段的紫外线氧化效果最好;光照强度12 W、光照时间为6 h时,氧化效果较好,继续增加光照强度和光照时间氧化效果没有明显提高;H2O2投加量为20 m L/kg时氧化效果最好,且继续增加投加量,氧化效果仍能改善。     

不同波长紫外光催化降解活性艳蓝KN-R动力学研究

以蒽醌类染料活性艳蓝KN-R(以下简称KN-R)为对象,以TiO2为光催化剂,实验了不同波段紫外光条件下KN-R的降解过程。结果表明:365 nm和254 nm两种波段对于KN-R的光催化降解过程均符合假一级动力学方程,但是通过对比各初始浓度下活性艳红KN-R的反应速率常数(Kapp)可以发现,在相同紫外灯功率下,短波辐射下的Kapp平均为长波辐射下Kapp的3倍,说明短波紫外更有利于活性艳蓝KN-R的降解。