伊利石对水溶液中低浓度铀的吸附

采用静态实验方法研究了伊利石对水溶液中铀的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、p H值、离子强度、固液比以及温度对吸附的影响,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征伊利石吸附铀前后结构的变化,探讨了伊利石对铀的吸附等温方程和热力学规律,分析其反应机制.实验结果显示,伊利石与低浓度铀溶液接触后立即反应,1 h后反应基本达到平衡;溶液p H和离子强度对伊利石吸附铀的影响显著,当p H=4—7、离子强度为0.001 mol·L-1时,吸附效果最好;在一定条件下,伊利石对水溶液中低浓度铀的吸附量与铀初始浓度呈正比,与固液比呈反比;吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,相关系数可达0.9966;伊利石对铀的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进伊利石的吸附行为.     

超声波/Fenton试剂联用降解水中的吡啶

采用超声波/Fenton联用技术降解水中的吡啶,探讨了吡啶初始浓度、反应温度、pH值、H2O2浓度、超声波声能密度和超声波频率对降解效果的影响及规律,实验发现,在所研究的吡啶初始浓度范围内,随着吡啶初始浓度的增大,其降解率减小;同时,随着反应温度、pH值、H2O2浓度和超声波声能密度的增大,吡啶的降解率增大;对于24.55kHz和30.19kHz两种频率而言,超声波频率愈高吡啶的去除率愈大,而对于30.19kHz和34.19kHz两种频率而言,吡啶去除率随频率的变化关系不明显,超声波和Fenton联用对吡啶进行降解比二者单独降解吡啶有更好的处理效果,另外,对于不同初始浓度的吡啶溶液来说,在所研究的浓度范围内,超声波/Fenton试剂联用降解吡啶的反应属于一级动力学反应,     

生物质电厂底渣对水溶液中Cu~(2+)的吸附特性

本实验选用安徽某生物质发电厂燃烧炉底渣,通过研究吸附等温线、吸附时间以及电厂灰投加量和溶液初始p H对生物质灰吸附Cu2+的影响,以确定其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性.结果表明,Cu2+初始浓度在50—100 mg·L~(-1)范围内,Langmuir模型能很好地描述生物质电厂底渣对Cu2+的等温吸附规律,其理论饱和吸附量为20 mg·g~(-1),非常接近实际饱和吸附量19.45 mg·g~(-1).溶液初始p H值在2—6范围时,Cu2+的去除率随p H值的升高而增加,当p H在6附近时去除率最佳,接近100%.溶液Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),体积为50 m L时,随生物质电厂底渣投加量增加,其对Cu2+的去除率上升,但去除效率下降,0.2 g左右可能是达到最佳去除效率和去除率的用量.溶液中Cu2+的去除率随吸附时间的增加而升高,用量越大达到吸附平衡的时间越短,但90 min左右时各个用量的去除率均趋于稳定.     

CCl_4强化超声降解诺氟沙星的效果和抗菌性分析

研究CCl4对超声降解诺氟沙星的强化效果和抗菌性的去除,考察了CCl4质量浓度、超声功率、溶液初始p H值、诺氟沙星初始浓度、Na Cl等对降解效果的影响.并采用滤纸片法考察了诺氟沙星降解过程中抗菌性的变化.结果表明,CCl4增强了超声降解诺氟沙星的效果,降解过程符合一级反应动力学.在反应液体积为250 m L,CCl4质量浓度在0.00—2.55 g·L-1范围,诺氟沙星的去除率随CCl4质量浓度的增加而增加,超声40 min,去除率由6.9%增加到67.37%.超声功率在130—325 W范围,260 W时的去除率达到最高;p H值对诺氟沙星的超声降解影响很大,p H值为6.60时一级反应速率常数k达到最大,为27.19×10-3min-1.CCl4质量浓度一定,诺氟沙星的去除率随其初始浓度的增加而降低.Na Cl降低了诺氟沙星的降解效果,Na Cl浓度在0—8.0 mg·L-1,反应40 min,诺氟沙星的去除率从67.37%降低为47.43%.大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌结果表明,超声/CCl4能够完全去除诺氟沙星的抗菌性.反应30 min,大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径从30.0 mm减小到14.0 mm(滤纸直径为14.0 mm).反应40 min,金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径从28.0 mm减小到14.0 mm.本研究表明超声/CCl4能有效用于含氟喹诺酮类抗生素的废水处理.     

几种天然矿物去除苯酚效果及日光光解效应评价

本文以四种天然矿物为受试矿物,评价了它们去除苯酚的效果,以及日光光解放应及温度,ＰＨ值,矿物浓度,苯酚初始浓度对去除效果的影响。     

纳米TiO2催化染料活性艳红X—3B光降解

研究了纳米级二氧化钛对活性艳红X－3B的多相光催化降解行为。对影响活性艳红X－3B溶液的光催化降解的各种条件（如溶液的pH值、光强、催化剂用量以及溶液的初始浓度等）进行了考察。结果表明，X－3B溶液在强酸性和强碱性介质中降解速度更快，降解率随着紫外光强度的增强而加快，随着X－3B初始浓度的增大而减慢；催化剂的最佳用量在1.5g／L左右，H2O2的使用量也有一个最佳浓度，约在20mmol左右，高于该值X－3B的去除率反而降低，而不是以前文献所报道的使用量赵多效果越好，以上各种条件下X－3B的光催化降解均符合一级反应动力学方程。     

原位即时合成ZnAl-LDH法对Zn~(2+)的去除机制

利用水泥基材料铝酸三钙(C3A)水化过程中可形成层状双羟基氢氧化物(LDHs)的特性,研究了C3A对水溶液中Zn2+的去除效果及机制,并探索了pH、温度对Zn2+去除效果的影响.结果表明,室温下,未调节溶液pH时,C3A对废水中Zn2+的最大去除量可达13.7 mmol·g-1;此外,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随反应时间及Zn2+初始浓度的增加而增大,随后去除量不再变化;在pH值为3—7时,C3A对Zn2+的去除量随pH的升高而增加;在25—35℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高而增加,在35-55℃范围内Zn2+的去除量随温度的升高反而下降.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(FT-IR)及扫描电镜(SEM)等微观分析手段表明反应固体产物为Zn Al-LDH.结合反应平衡后溶液组分分析表明,原位即时形成的Zn Al-LDH是通过C3A水化过程中形成的Ca Al-LDH与Zn2+发生阳离子交换反应与共沉淀反应协同所致.     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以木本泥炭为吸附材料,用于去除水中的Cr(Ⅵ).研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、木本泥炭用量、缓冲液浓度和初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,以及溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸附的影响.结果表明,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随溶液pH值的增大而减小,当溶液pH值为4时,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力最强,3.33 g·L~(-1)木本泥炭对100 mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量为29. 98 mg·g~(-1);当磷酸盐缓冲液浓度在0. 10—0.20 mol·L~(-1)范围内时,随着缓冲液浓度的增大Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量逐渐减小;木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准一级反应动力学,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;当溶液pH值小于6时,Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸率低于0.32%.     

活性焦吸附处理五氯酚钠废水

以活性焦为吸附剂,采用静态吸附实验考察活性焦对PCP-Na模拟废水的吸附性能,研究了反应时间、温度、p H值、活性焦用量对吸附效果的影响,采用急性毒性法评价吸附前后废水急性毒性的变化.结果表明,在原始p H下,温度40℃,活性焦用量4 g·L-1,反应时间180 min时,废水中PCP-Na的浓度由100 mg·L-1降为2.92 mg·L-1,去除率97.07%.吸附后废水的急性毒性下降99.09%.PCP-Na在活性焦表面的吸附是拟二级反应,吸附速率常数为2.52×10-2g·mg-1·min-1,其吸附行为可用Langmuir等温线模型进行描述;热力学计算结果表明吸附反应是自发和吸热过程.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).