金融危机中的电子商务的发展机遇

自从金融危机席卷全球,很多的实体企业遭受重创.而电子商务的降低成本,提高效率,增加市场机会、提高客户忠诚度等优势被认为是应对金融危机的杀手锏.描述了全球金融危机的影响,研究了中国电子商务的发展现状,对比了电子商务与传统商务模式的差异,进一步总结了电子商务在金融危机中的优势.得出了金融危机是促进电子商务的大力发展良好机遇的结论.图1,参4.     

中国消耗臭氧层物质非法进出口贸易状况和对策分析

分析了我国在保护臭氧层工作中在进出口贸易方面存在的问题,重点分析了消耗臭氧层物质（ODS）非法贸易的形式,尤其是ODS作为制冷剂的非法贸易形式,论述了ODS非法贸易工作的防范重点。同时,分析了非法贸易产生的主要原因,阐述了我国控制ODS非法贸易的措施和成效,以及非法贸易对我国履行环境国际公约工作的危害。最后,就强化ODS进出口管理、减少杜绝ODS非法贸易提出工具体的对策建议：调整氟化工行业产品的出口退税率,加强打击“三非”能力和ODS进出口管理机构建设。     

发展中国家的可持续建筑服务：寻找“最适合”技术的挑战

发展中国家的能源效率智能技术可以根据最适合标准进行评估（居住者的有效控制、运行中的最少冲突、内在能源效率以及易于建造、维护和运行），本文提出表面上具有能源效率的方案不会产生预期效果，除非它们适合气候，得到正确的详细解释、定位和使用，并且建筑的管理者和用户能够理解其复杂性，相应的低能耗技术包括灰水再循环系统、被动和主动热蓄热器以及地热泵，广泛、成功地出口这类技术将取决于发达国家在本国树立榜样，要让低能耗建筑设计获得持久动力，处于经济分界线两边的商业客户和政府需要宣传对已经证实的——而不是理论上的——能源效率的承诺的建筑。     

人民币汇率变动对我国进出口贸易的影响研究

随着我国加入WTO和对外开放水平的提高,人民币汇率变动对我国甚至世界贸易都会产生重大影响,因而越来越多地受到各方面的关注.笔者结合当前人民币汇率制度改革的发展历程,分析测定人民币汇率变动对我国贸易的影响并提出了政策建议.表2,参10.     

气候变化背景下未来中国草地生态系统服务价值时空动态格局

气候变化已经并将继续对中国自然生态系统和人类社会产生广泛而深远的影响,成为人类经济社会发展的风险。为了解未来中国草地生态系统服务价值的时空动态格局以及揭示气候变化的可能影响,以采用CEVS模型计算得出的NPP为基础,根据Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值计算方法,分析了基准期(1971—2000年)及未来(2021—2050年)RCP 4.5(中低排放)和RCP 8.5(高排放)情景下中国草地生态系统服务价值时空动态变化特征。结果表明,基准期及未来RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下中国草地生态系统服务总价值均呈增加趋势,年平均值分别为1.93万亿、2.26万亿、2.27万亿元。其空间分布状况与水热条件的分布趋势一致,均表现出从西北向东南逐渐递增的分布格局。未来总价值除了在西藏西北部及新疆中部小范围内表现为减少外,在其他地区均呈增加趋势。增幅分布模式与中国人口分布以胡焕庸线划定的基本格局相似,表现为西北增幅小,东南增幅大;大部分地区增幅比例在30%以内,少数为30%~60%,60%以上非常稀少。中国草地生态系统服务各功能构成项对总价值的贡献率依次为:土壤形成与保护(26.9%)废物处理(18.1%)生物多样性保护(15.1%)气候调节(12.4%)气体调节=水源涵养(11.0%)食物生产(4.1%)原材料生产(0.7%)娱乐文化(0.6%),即物质产品产出价值仅占4.8%,非物质价值占95.2%。该研究揭示了未来30年中国草地生态系统服务价值的时空格局动态演化及其对气候变化的可能响应,在一定程度上填补中国在生态系统服务价值动态、定量预估方面的空白现状,这对于未来科学应对气候变化、合理利用草地资源、加强生态环境建设具有一定的指导意义。     

基于文献分析的中国生态服务研究

以1999-2010年间中国学者在中国学术期刊网络出版总库收录期刊上发表的727篇生态服务研究论文为统计数据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对中国生态服务研究文献的数量、期刊类型、生态系统类型、研究区域和研究主题的分布等方面进行定量分析.结果表明,中国生态服务研究发展迅速,发表生态服务文献10篇以上的期刊有15种,文献发表量占文献总量的47.73％.共有321篇文献针对具体的生态系统类型开展研究,其中关于森林生态系统的文献数量最多,为116篇.研究区的分布统计显示,以流域为主要研究区的文献有67篇,以地理单元或区域为研究区的文献有168篇.探讨了中国生态服务内涵与分类、生态服务评估、人类活动和自然干扰对生态服务的影响及生态服务应用实践的研究现状,分析表明未来研究的重点将包括生态服务的尺度效应、多情景动态模拟、生态服务评价的规范化和生态服务对人类活动的响应4个方面.     

中国至2050年农业科技发展路线图(英文版)

赵其国著科学出版社出版(2011年1月)ISBN 978-7-03-029978-9$108.00大16开本平装内容简介本书明确了至2050年全球和我国农业发展面临的挑战与机遇,预测我国未来对农业科技的重大需求,提出     

碳中和背景下中国HFC-32排放预测

随着中国提出2060年碳中和目标并加入《〈关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书〉基加利修正案》,强效温室气体HFCs的排放预测和减排路径研究逐渐受到关注. 本研究针对排放量较大的HFC-32建立了消费-库存-排放预测模型,预测了基线、基加利和碳中和3种情景下,中国2020—2060年HFC-32消费、库存及排放. 结果显示,如果中国不受基加利修正案管控,将在2020—2060年间累积消费HFC-32 达122.8亿吨CO2-eq,库存于2035年达峰值16.1亿吨CO2-eq,排放量于2060年达峰值每年3.6亿吨CO2-eq . 中国如果仅按照基加利修正案的履约要求来逐步淘汰HFC-32,在2060年的排放将仍然有0.58亿吨CO2-eq. 如果按照本研究提出的满足较高HFC-32消费需求的碳中和情景加速淘汰HFC-32,将在顺利完成基加利修正案要求的同时实现HFC-32的近零排放,到2060将累积减排HFC-32达43.5亿吨CO2-eq. 上述结果为中国选择HFCs碳中和路径提供了科学依据,建立的相关方法对其他国家和地区也有借鉴意义.     

关于贸易与环境关系的几点认识及其对我国的启示

环境与贸易是环境与发展的热点问题之一。环境与贸易的主要关系问题包括贸易活动本身与环境的关系问题 ,以及贸易规则与环境的关系问题。环境成本外部化是这些问题的根源。我国在新形势下针对这些问题应当采取相应的对策措施。     

循环经济背景下的企业环境会计账户设置优化方法浅析

循环经济发展的宏观形势下,企业的竞争环境发生了转变,经营者在运作过程中不能只考虑经济绩效,同时还必须环境绩效和社会绩效的影响,因此企业环境会计的账户设置也应当进行适当的调整;但是目前关于这方面的理论研究尚显得较为单薄.该文首先从理论推演方面探讨和归纳出了循环经济背景下企业日常经营运作机制的相关评价指标;然后分别选择了制造型企业和生产型服务企业各一家作为研究样本,运用多元统计学中的逻辑回归分析法作为工具进行了实证研究;并结合实证分析的结果,确定了循环经济背景下这两类企业环境会计账户设置优化的可行性途径.     

Domestic dynamics of crop production in response to international food trade: evidence from soybean imports in China

ABSTRACT

International food trade plays an important role in food security, but little research has been devoted to studying crop dynamics in importing countries caused by trade. We studied the spatiotemporal patterns of soybean planting area in China (the largest soybean importing country) in response to soybean imports. The results show how the soybean planting area from 1980 to 2012 in China is dominated by two temporal patterns, both of which first increased, then decreased, with an 8-year time lag. The first increasing-decreasing pattern is affected by increasing soybean imports, and the second increasing-decreasing pattern is driven by decreasing domestic soybean profits. The results also show spatially distinct spatial patterns: soybean planting area decreased in southeastern China while it increased in northwestern China. Our analysis of soybean planting area helps China and other food-importing countries understand spatiotemporal responses of domestic agricultural cultivations caused by international food trade and agricultural pollution management.     

The case for international emission trade in the absence of cooperative climate policy

We evaluate the efficacy of international trade in carbon emission permits when countries are guided strictly by their national self-interest. To do so, we construct a calibrated general equilibrium model that jointly describes the world economy and the strategic incentives that guide the design of national abatement policies. Countries’ decisions about their participation in a trading system and about their initial permit endowment are made non-cooperatively; so a priori it is not clear that permit trade will induce participation in international abatement agreements or that participation will result in significant environmental gains. Despite this, we find that emission trade agreements can be effective; that smaller groupings pairing developing and developed-world partners often perform better than agreements with larger rosters; and that general equilibrium responses play an important role in shaping these outcomes.     

基于WebGIS的西部生态环境信息服务系统的建设

结合西部生态环境调查积累的大量环境数据 ,围绕西部生态环境网上服务系统建设的实际应用需要 ,基于Web技术对西部生态环境信息服务系统进行了整体组织和设计 ,并对其实现技术、功能、过程等作了较详细的阐述。该系统可为公众和环境管理部门提供方便、快捷的生态环境信息。     

Species composition of the international shark fin trade assessed through a retail‐market survey in Hong Kong

The shark fin trade is a major driver of shark exploitation in fisheries all over the world, most of which are not managed on a species‐specific basis. Species‐specific trade information highlights taxa of particular concern and can be used to assess the efficacy of management measures and anticipate emerging threats. The species composition of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, one of the world's largest fin trading hubs, was partially assessed in 1999–2001. We randomly selected and genetically identified fin trimmings (n = 4800), produced during fin processing, from the retail market of Hong Kong in 2014–2015 to assess contemporary species composition of the fin trade. We used nonparametric species estimators to determine that at least 76 species of sharks, batoids, and chimaeras supplied the fin trade and a Bayesian model to determine their relative proportion in the market. The diversity of traded species suggests species substitution could mask depletion of vulnerable species; one‐third of identified species are threatened with extinction. The Bayesian model suggested that 8 species each comprised >1% of the fin trimmings (34.1–64.2% for blue [Prionace glauca], 0.2–1.2% for bull [Carcharhinus leucas] and shortfin mako [Isurus oxyrinchus]); thus, trade was skewed to a few globally distributed species. Several other coastal sharks, batoids, and chimaeras are in the trade but poorly managed. Fewer than 10 of the species we modeled have sustainably managed fisheries anywhere in their range, and the most common species in trade, the blue shark, was not among them. Our study and approach serve as a baseline to track changes in composition of species in the fin trade over time to better understand patterns of exploitation and assess the effects of emerging management actions for these animals.     

论新经济环境下成本会计的职能

新经济环境下成本会计职能的发挥是每个组织中的管理者所关注的重要课题，本文通过新经济环境对成本会计的挑战及管理理论与方法创新对成本会计影响的分析，提出新经济环境中发挥成本会计职能应采取的对策．     

Socio-economic differentiation in the trade of wildlife species for traditional medicines in the Lowveld,South Africa: Implications for resource management initiatives

Surveys of trade in wildlife products utilised in traditional medicine were conducted between 1997 and 1999 on the western boundary of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Although the extent of trade and numbers of people operating in this sector were lower than other regions of South Africa, this study again highlighted the value of indigenous wildlife products to subsistence economies. Apart from cultural diversity, socioeconomic differentiation occurred at a number of levels. (i) There were socio-economic differences between the traders and vendors. (ii) Gender differences were apparent, with women earning significantly less than men and having to undergo more social challenges in their operation in the market place. (iii) Operational differences were noted between the vendors and traders, as well as between the street and pension day vendors. (iv) Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) highlighted the socio-economic differentiation at the household level, emphasizing in particular one of the most vulnerable groups, the elderly. The potential influence of this socio-economic differentiation needs to be considered during the development of Community-Based Conservation programmes, if the dual aims of conserving biodiversity and improving the lives and livelihoods of those who traditionally rely on medicinal plants are to be met.     

The burden of proof in trade disputes and the environment

The WTO leaves discretion over environmental policies to its members, but requests that a fundamental non-discrimination principle is respected: National Treatment (NT). The provision seeks to prevent protectionist use of domestic policy instruments, requesting that when an imported product is sufficiently similar to a domestic product, they are treated identically. WTO adjudicators will often face severe informational problems in environmental disputes. Important for the practical implementation of NT is therefore the allocation of the burden of proof (BoP). This paper highlights basic implications of the BoP for the occurrence of judicial errors, for the environment and for welfare, using a setting where NT serves its intended role of supporting negotiated tariff liberalization. The paper suggests that NT may indeed constrain environmental policies, but that this may be desirable from an efficiency point of view. Also, BoP rules that benefit the environment may not benefit global welfare, and conversely.     

珠三角地区POPs农药的污染现状及控制对策

概述了中国及国际社会对持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs）的关注情况。并通过对POPs农药在珠江三角洲地区（Pearl River Delta Area,PRD）使用情况的调查，以及对珠江三角洲地区POPs农药在各环境介质中的污染现状的文献综述，结合环境污染数据以及POPs农药污染调查工作中得到的数据和信息，对该地区POPs污染的可能原因和环境中可能存在的新近污染源进行了初步探讨。同时也指出了当前珠江三角洲地区在POPs农药削减与淘汰工作中所遭遇到的缺乏完善的管理体系等困难，并针对问题提出了包括加大科研投入，加强基础研究，掌握污染物来源和去向，加强替代药物的研究，建立和实施更严格的环境法规以及标准，加强环境监测能力建设，建立POPs农药污染的信息公开机制等一系列的控制对策。     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

Water shortages and countermeasures for sustainable utilisation in the context of climate change in the Yellow River Delta region,China

With an increasing population and rapid development of the economy and society of the Yellow River Basin region, the Yellow River is at crisis point. The discrepancy between supply and demand of water resources is a key issue. In 2000–2006, the mean annual discharge of the Yellow River entering the delta was 13.2 billion m³, a reduction of 18.6 billion m³ compared with the 1980s, and 9 billion m³ less than in the 1990s. The water requirements of various sectors are increasing. Large amounts of water essential to maintain the health of the delta ecosystem have been diverted for other users. The lower river channel is shrinking and the threat of flooding is becoming severe. Moreover, water pollution is increasing to a serious level; the river mouth ecosystem is subject to degradation. Due to overall decreased flow into the delta, and almost no flow into the delta for much of the year except in wet periods, biodiversity is threatened and there has been degradation of the ecological environment. In view of the water scarcity and variation in water supply, particularly in the context of climate change, measures need to be taken to realise sustainable water use in the Yellow River Delta region. In view of the lack of a complete index system for sustainable utilisation of regional water resources in China, this paper examines the major countermeasures for sustainable water use in the region. A rational adjustment mechanism for water prices is needed. Adjustment of agricultural infrastructure and water saving need to be directed by water prices, and thus the reasonable exploitation of groundwater must also be directed by water prices. Participation of the public is to be encouraged, with the development of a water user association that will become involved in formulating water rights, water allocation and water prices. Decision-making, management and supervision of this association will be done in a democratic way to promote the social management of water saving.