城市园林绿化中的花粉污染

部分植物花粉具有致敏性,能使人发生过敏性反应(花粉病).由于园林绿化树种的选择和配置很少考虑花粉污染问题,我国的花粉病患者日益增加.本文就花粉污染的概念、危害状况、分级标准及其污染特点进行了论述,同时对花粉污染源进行了初步研究,提出了我国作为花粉污染源的主要植物属,最后还对减少花粉污染的有关措施进行了探讨.     

福州市园林绿地植物应用调查研究

根据福州市134个园林绿地的调查，分析和总结福州市各类园林绿地（公共绿地，专用绿地，居住区绿地，道路绿地等）的植物种类构成，空间结构和植物配置的生态功能和景观效果，对福州市的园林绿化提出了一些建议。     

城市园林绿化用地土壤肥力诊断与综合评价——以广州市长虹苗圃为例

以广州市长虹苗圃为例,在实地调查与采样分析的基础上,首先对土壤肥力各单项指标进行诊断分析,然后采用修正的内梅罗指数对各地块进行土壤综合肥力评价。结果表明长虹苗圃土壤pH值偏低,有机质以及其它主要养分含量缺乏,各地块综合肥力系数大都属于贫瘠水平,其中南区、北区综合肥力明显低于东区。     

UV-C辐射增强对绿化树种膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

采用叶片试验法研究了模拟紫外辐射(UV-C)胁迫对3种绿化树种叶片膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶产生的影响。实验结果表明:UV-C辐射处理使连翘ForsythiasuspensaVahl和垂柳Salixbabylonica叶片的叶绿素质量分数增加,但使水蜡树FraxinuschinesisRoxb.叶片的叶绿素质量分数降低。UV-C辐射处理增加连翘和垂柳叶片的SOD活性,而水蜡的SOD活性则表现为先升高随后降低的变化趋势;辐射处理对水蜡树和垂柳POD活性影响不大,但使连翘POD活性先升高随后降低;辐射处理明显降低水蜡树和连翘的CAT活性,而垂柳的则先升高后降低。辐射处理导致MDA含量增加。     

岳阳市城市绿化树种的选择及配置模式研究

选择观赏价值高、抗逆性强、保健功能强、经济效益高同时具有丰富历史文化底蕴和地方特色的植物材料用于城市林业建设中,可显著提高城市园林绿化的科技含量和综合效益;在园林植物配置上,根据园林美学原则和功能性要求,进行混植、群植、丛植、对植和孤植等,在充分发挥树木的群体美和个体美的同时可显著提高配置模式的整体功能性．     

工业污染地6种乔木树种重金属累积特征研究

黄埔区是广州市工业污染较严重的地区,其中龟山是由污染导致土壤严重退化的典型地段。该地段植被退化,土壤重金属质量分数较高。为了探讨在这种工业污染区生存的植物对重金属的吸收能力以及不同树种吸收能力间的差异,选择该地段的台湾相思（Acacia confusa）、刺竹（Blumeana schult）、尾叶桉（Eucalypt urophylla）、高山榕（Ficus altissima）、小叶榕（Ficus microcarpa）和潺槁树（Litsea glutinosa）等6种乔木树种,采集其根、枝、叶等部位,测定Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的质量分数。结果表明：4种重金属在乔木中累积量大小依次是：Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,Zn累积量最大,为664.98mg·kg-1,Cd最小,仅为4.42mg·kg-1;各种重金属在乔木不同部位的累积量大小是：细根〉粗根〉叶子〉枝条,细根中各重金属累积量最大,为368.15mg·kg-1;6种乔木树种抗重金属能力比较,小叶榕重金属累积量均为455.60mg·kg-1,抗性最好;尾叶桉和潺槁树重金属累积量较多,均为179.86和221.63mg·kg-1,抗性较好;高山榕重金属累积量均为114.41mg·kg-1,抗性中等;台湾相思和刺竹分别为78.04和96.41mg·kg-1,抗性较差。     

株洲市城郊天然植物群落调查研究

植物群落是植物在自然因素综合作用下形成的一个有机体，是植物群体发展的自然属性．在不同的生态环境条件下产生了不同的群落类型．地处中亚热带丘陵地的株洲，地带性典型植物群落是常绿阔叶林，是以各类常绿树种为优势的植被类型．但是随着历史变迁，人类频繁活动，此类群落已不复存在，以人工群落和次生群落取而代之，其主要群落类型有青冈栎群落、石栎群落、苦槠、青冈栎群落、樟树群落、冬青群落、山杜英群落等12种．园林绿化作为人工群落，其园林植物选择和配置，设计建造人工群落都要遵循天然群落发生、发展规律及模拟其结构特征才能实现园林绿化低成本、高效益、高生产力、高生物量的总体目标．因此，开展对城郊区现有天然林的调查是非常必要的．其结果直接用于城市绿地系统规划和人工模拟地带性植物造景．     

城市绿化树种的选择与配置——以兰州市西固工业区为例

本文以地处中国西北干旱区的兰州市西固工业区为例，考察了该区绿化历史和现状，在此基础上，指出城市绿化树种的选择必须符合当地自然地理特征、城市发展状况、环境污染特征的原则，树种的配置应充分考虑绿化效益的发挥，同时兼顾经济可行性，并对兰州市西固工业区绿化提出了针对性的建议。     

石灰岩山地造林树种——光皮树

石灰岩山地的造林绿化,土壤条件差、难度大、任务重,选择好适生造林树种是获得成功的关键.光皮树适生特点突出、三大效益明显、营林技术可行,是石灰岩山地理想的造林树种,可在生产中推广应用.     

东江中上游主要造林树种光合生理特征

在东江中上游,以6年生造林树种木荷Schima superba、红锥Castanopsis hystrix、火力楠Michelia macclurei和藜蒴Castanopsis fissa为材料,利用Li-6400光合作用测定系统,对东江中上游水源林主要造林树种木荷、红锥、火力楠和藜蒴叶片光合日变化和光响应进行了测定,探讨了4种树种在当地自然生境下的光合生理特征。结果表明：木荷和藜蒴净光合速率（Pn）日变化呈＂单峰＂曲线,火力楠和红锥净光合速率（Pn）日变化呈＂双峰＂曲线,4种树种净光合速率（Pn）最大值均出现在10：00左右,分别为8.73、6.00、6.68和7.91μmol.m-1.s-1;4种树种净光合速率（Pn）日均值表现为木荷〉火力楠〉红锥〉藜蒴,蒸腾速率（Tr）日均值表现为红锥〉木荷〉火力楠〉藜蒴,水分利用效率（WUE）日均值表现为木荷〉藜蒴〉火力楠〉红锥,木荷具有高光合、高水分利用效率的生理特性,对环境适应能力强。4种树种光响应曲线均符合非直角双曲线模型（R2〉0.98）和指数模型（R2〉0.98）,采用非直角双曲线模型拟合的4种树种最大净光合速率（P,max）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和表观量子效率（a）基本高于指数模型相应拟合值,且接近实测值,但2种模型拟合的光饱和点低于实际观测值。在中幼龄阶段,木荷、红锥、火力楠和藜蒴表现出较高的光饱和点（LSP）、较低的光补偿点（LCP）和较低表观量子效率,具有较强的耐阴喜光特性,对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性,对弱光与强光的利用能力较高。这些研究结果为东江流域水源林造林设计、树种筛选和抚育提供理论参考。     

秋色叶树种在园林造景中的应用

秋色叶树种是园林造景中重要的观赏树种之一，我国秋色叶树木资源十分丰富，开发利用秋色叶树木资源对我国园林建设具有重要意义．作者分析了秋色叶树种内涵，主要树种的性状、特征、观赏价值及在我国自然秋色景观中的应用等，初步探讨了它们在城市园林造景中应用方式、应用前景，提出了秋色叶树种选择应用的原则及应注意的问题．     

快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响

在中国快速城市化背景下,大部分研究仅是单一的利用景观指数分析城市景观格局,往往只侧重于对景观斑块或格局的几何特征进行简单分析和描述,忽略了城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系,研究城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系对揭示城市化规律有着重要意义。文章以江苏省昆山市（县）范围为研究对象,基于全市1985—2008年间多期TM影像图,在采用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的技术方法获取昆山市景观格局动态变化以及相关景观生态学指数分析的基础上,探讨城市扩张对城乡景观格局的影响。结果表明：23年间自然景观类型的面积基本保持不变;人工景观面积显著增涨了4倍。斑块密度、景观斑块数量破碎度指数受人工景观类型影响基本呈上升趋势;斑块密度、景观破碎度、最大斑块、边缘密度等指数与建设用地增长之间存在明显相关性,表明城市扩张是城乡景观格局特征变化的重要驱动力。     

香港古树名木的调查及保护问题

采用实地调查并结合历史档案记载的方法对香港的古树名木进行了全面的普查,在香港193个地点调查到有古树分布,记录古树名木1 332株,共计141种,隶属于46科95属.其中细叶榕Ficus mtcrocarpa 323株、樟树Cinnamomum camphora157株、荔枝Litchi chinensis 118株、龙眼 Dimocarpus longan 97株,4种古树株数之和超过香港古树名木总数的一半.香港古树主要分布在大埔区、中西区、北区和离岛区,四个区所含株数占古树总株数的60.66%,所含古树种数占香港古树总种数的78.72%.在香港116处风水林中,86处记录有古树分布,古树数量占调查到的古树数量的近50%.根据调查的结果,还对香港古树名木的保护措施进行了分析研究,旨在为其保育提供参考.     

昌吉市不同景观土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地的春季土壤动物群落结构,于2007年3月至6月对昌吉市周围的5种土地,即天然林、人工林、草地、农田、废弃地进行取样调查,共捕获土壤动物2 046只,隶属3门10纲24目.分析表明:土壤动物优势类群为昆虫纲(Insecta)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)、弹尾纲(Collembola),常见类群为腹足纲(Gastropoda)、寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)、软甲纲(Malacostraca)和双尾纲(Diplura)等,其他均为稀有类群.5种不同利用方式土地土壤动物群落物种多样性和均匀度指数有一定的差异,草地的物种多样性最大,废弃地的多样性最小,体现了群落的复杂性与多样性.垂直分布显示土壤动物具有明显的表聚现象.根据土壤动物群落聚类的结果,可将5中土地分为2组,即草本植物种植型、林地型.显示了土壤动物群落对土壤利用方式的响应情况.     

Urban design for sustainability: A study on the Turkish city

In line with sustainable development principles, the reactions to modern architecture and planning have led to a new appreciation of traditional cities and urban environments.

Considering the extensive neglect and devastation of local values in our cities and towns, urban development practice in Turkey cannot be said to meet the requirements of sustainability. This paper, therefore, will explore the logic of sustainable development and focus on the components of good urban design which are needed to produce it. Since promoting sustainable lifestyles in our towns and cities depends mainly on the design of the physical environment, the paper will propose a set of key design principles that can deliver sustainable urban development through exploring the qualities of ‘traditional urbanism’ in the Turkish cities as well as examining the latest approaches to urban design.     

Causes and consequences of unequal seedling production in forest trees: a case study in red oaks

Inequality in reproductive success has important implications for ecological and evolutionary dynamics, but lifetime reproductive success is challenging to measure in long-lived species such as forest trees. While seed production is often used as a proxy for overall reproductive success, high mortality of seeds and the potential for trade-offs between seed number and quality draw this assumption into question. Parentage analyses of established seedlings can bring us one step closer to understanding the causes and consequences of variation in reproductive success. In this paper we demonstrate a new method for estimating individual seedling production and average percentage germination, using data from two mixed-species populations of red oaks (Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, Q. falcata, and Q. coccinea). We use these estimates to examine the distribution of female reproductive success and to test the relationship between seedling number and individual seed production, age, and growth rate. We show that both seed and seedling production are highly skewed, roughly conforming to zero-inflated lognormal distributions, rather than to the Poisson or negative-binomial distributions often assumed by population genetics analyses. While the number of established offspring is positively associated with mean annual seed production, a lower proportion of seeds from highly fecund individuals become seedlings. Our red oak populations also show evidence of trade-offs between growth rate and reproductive success. The high degree of inequality in seedling production shown here for red oaks, and by previous studies in other species, suggests that many trees may be more vulnerable to genetic drift than previously thought, if immigration in limited by fragmentation or other environmental changes.     

Sustainable development indicators: a case study on the city of Flagstaff and Coconino county

The application of capitalist theory and the perception of an autonomous economy have created a range of environmental and social ramifications not addressed via traditional economic reasoning. In order to effectively and efficiently abate sustainability issues, the sustainable development discourse developed evaluation methods such as sustainable development indicators to gauge progress towards sustainability in communities without using traditional cost–benefit methods of analysis. The indicators created in this work are intended to be applied as a method of project evaluation in local community development departments. Using local growth management policy as a basis, these indicators have been designed to show how a development project contributes to policy goals that relate to all three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic, and socio-economic.     

Meso-scale landscape analysis based on landscape balance investigations: problems and hierarchical approaches for their resolution

Varied utilization demands of society to the landscape are leading to an overlay of interests and thus to land use conflicts. Thereby, essential landscape functions like the regulation function (i.e. run-off regulation, groundwater recharge, groundwater protection, buffer functions of the soil, etc.) may be affected, and result in stresses to our natural resources like soil and water. The land use conflicts become especially obvious in a regional context. The diminution of such land use conflicts in terms of a regional management of environment and natural resources requires the knowledge of the response of the landscape balance to land use changes. The results of integrated landscape analysis enable the calculation of scenarios that allow the derivation of site-suitable land use variants with positive effects (decrease) to material out-wash from landscape parts and material inputs into surface water and groundwater. Numerous and complex methodological problems arise with such analysis, as well as with the investigation and assessment of the landscape water balance and water-bound material fluxes on the mesoscale.As a contribution for the resolution of these problems, the authors present a hierarchical nested approach that interlinks scale-specific methods. Due to the complexity and difficult implementation from purely system-oriented approaches in both applied landscape research and planning, the connection to more pragmatic approaches is herewith striked. Thus, information about the impact of land use changes on the landscape balance, as well as the assessment of landscape functions for both watersheds and administrative units should be enabled. Beside the check of the scale-specific applicability of models (i.e. E2D/3D, ABIMO, ASGi, SWAT, modifications of the USLE), the transferability of parameter- and indicator systems for the assessment of the landscape balance on the concerned scale levels is also investigated. An important objective is thereby the optimization of the validity of landscape information for the spatio-temporal levels of the mesoscale.     

A study on physicochemical parameters of an aquaculture body in Mysore city, Karnataka, India

Monthly changes in water quality parameters (physicochemical) of a rain fed lake (Bilikere) in Mysore city, were investigated for two calendar years (2002 and 2003) to assess the suitability of this lake for pisciculture. Although there were monthly fluctuations in water temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite and ammonia, they were within the desirable limits. On the other hand, total alkalinity and hydrogen sulphide throughout the study period and pH for a major part, were higher than the desirable limits. Other parameters viz; turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate, and nitrate in a few months were higher than the desirable limits for waters used for fish culture. The high levels of these factors are due to the entry of agricultural run off and occasional flow of sewage into the lake. In addition dense algal growth was noticed at times of the year which is caused by surge in nutrients level whenever there was a rainfall. Since, the lake has a great aquacultural potential, it is suggested that control of nutrient load that enters the lake occasionally, might help the lake to continue its mesotrophic status.     

遥感与GIS支持下的城市绿地信息提取方法研究--以深圳市为例

城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体，在城市系统中起着重要作用。传统的城市绿地调查多采用人工普查并结合统计学方法进行城市绿地调查，需要投入大量的人力和资金，但得到的数据精度和现时性都较差，而采用高分辨率遥感卫星数据与地理信息系统相结合的方法，可以达到对城市绿地遥感数据的快速特征提取和准确的空间统计分析。文章采用基于遥感和GIS相结合的方法，并以深圳市为例，进行了城市绿地特征提取方法的研究和应用分析。