废水中苯胺的好氧共代谢降解实验研究

微生物共代谢是废水中难降解性有机物生物降解的重要方式.比较了在以苯胺溶液作为惟一碳源与能源和有共代谢底物存在下苯胺的降解过程.结果表明,共代谢显著地提高了苯胺的降解率,在32℃恒温条件下、利用葡萄糖作生长基质、且与苯胺的质量比为1:6、72 h后,苯胺的降解率最高可达75.6%.再加人蛋白胨做氮源后,苯胺的降解率可提高到82.9%,COD的去除率达55.4%.     

畜禽养殖污水中高效氨氮降解菌的筛选、鉴定及生长条件研究

从养殖污水中分离纯化得到1株高效氨氮降解菌,对其进行形态特征、生理生化、16S rDNA序列分析以及最佳生长条件研究,并将菌株投入养殖污水降解污水中的氨氮。结果表明：AN4菌株在NH4＋-N初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的条件下,24 h内的氨氮降解率为92.5%;初步鉴定该菌株为苍白杆菌属（Ochrobactrum sp.）,菌株的16S rDNA序列在Gen-Bank的登录号为GU345782;AN4菌株在装液量为60.64 mL,pH为7.06,葡萄糖为6.0 g/L的条件下培养,菌株的降解率可以达到94.28%;菌株对养殖污水中氨氮的降解率为12.3%。苍白杆菌菌属能够降畜禽养殖污水中的氨氮还未见报道,AN4菌株的筛选获得为生物降解养殖污水中的氨氮又提供了一种新型菌株。     

苯胺降解菌的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化富集培养,从白洋淀底泥中分离筛选出数株能够有效降解苯胺的菌株,经过反复筛选,得到一株能够以苯胺为唯一碳源、高效降解苯胺的菌株BA-1-3.其利用苯胺的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,在苯胺浓度为1000 mg/L,180 r/min条件下振荡培养60 h,降解率达到80%以上.经鉴定,菌株BA-1-3属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.).     

一株苯胺降解菌的分离及其降解特性

从某城市生活污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离出一株以苯胺为唯一碳源和氮源的高效降解菌Z1。通过16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定菌株。结果表明,菌株Z1为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。该菌株最适生长和降解条件为p H 6.0~8.0、30℃、盐度0.1%~1.0%。在此条件下,16 h内能够将400 mg/L的苯胺降解完全,且当苯胺初始浓度为1 300 mg/L时,苯胺的最大降解速率为41.4 mg/(L·h),32 h内降解率达到98%。菌株对苯胺的最大耐受浓度为1 800mg/L。当苯胺和苯酚共存时,苯胺的降解效果随着苯酚浓度的增大而减小,当苯酚浓度达到370 mg/L时,Z1无法降解苯胺。添加氯化铵做外加氮源能解决高浓度苯酚和苯胺共降解的问题。在苯胺降解过程中大约有43%苯胺态氮转化成氨氮释放到环境中。     

一株苯好氧降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

从一长期被苯类工业废水污染的土壤中驯化分离出一株能快速降解苯胺的菌株,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属。该菌株在5-35℃,都可以20mg/L的苯为碳源进行生长并完全降解苯,最适宜的生长温度为25℃;在pH为5-9范围内,可以生长并降解20mg/L的苯,偏碱性更适合细菌生长;培养过程中振荡速率大于120r/min,降解速率最大。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca对硝基苯及4-氯硝基苯的降解

硝基苯类化合物生物降解菌的筛选及性能研究,是制药、染料等行业废水达标的重要基础。以浓度梯度升高法筛选到一株硝基苯厌氧降解菌Klebsiella oxytoca NBA-1。考察了该菌对氧气的需求,以及在厌氧条件下,温度、pH值、外加葡萄糖及硝基苯初始浓度等环境因子对菌株降解硝基苯能力的影响,并进一步讨论菌株对氯取代硝基苯类化合物的降解情况。结果表明,该菌在厌氧条件下生长比好氧条件下慢,但降解速度更快;厌氧降解硝基苯的最佳pH值和温度和分别为8．3和30～35℃;加入0．3％～0．5％的葡萄糖可促进降解,且对300mg／L以下的硝基苯均有降解能力;该菌能将4-氯硝基苯转化为4-氯苯胺,并进一步脱氯为苯胺。研究结果可为硝基苯及含氯硝基苯的处理工艺选择提供相关的参考依据。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca对硝基苯及4-氯硝基苯的降解

硝基苯类化合物生物降解菌的筛选及性能研究,是制药、染料等行业废水达标的重要基础。以浓度梯度升高法筛选到一株硝基苯厌氧降解菌Klebsiella oxytoca NBA-1。考察了该菌对氧气的需求,以及在厌氧条件下,温度、pH值、外加葡萄糖及硝基苯初始浓度等环境因子对菌株降解硝基苯能力的影响,并进一步讨论菌株对氯取代硝基苯类化合物的降解情况。结果表明,该菌在厌氧条件下生长比好氧条件下慢,但降解速度更快;厌氧降解硝基苯的最佳pH值和温度和分别为8.3和30~35℃;加入0.3%~0.5%的葡萄糖可促进降解,且对300 mg/L以下的硝基苯均有降解能力;该菌能将4-氯硝基苯转化为4-氯苯胺,并进一步脱氯为苯胺。研究结果可为硝基苯及含氯硝基苯的处理工艺选择提供相关的参考依据。     

一株丙烯酰胺高效降解菌的筛选及其降解性能

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中,分离、筛选出1株高效降解丙烯酰胺的菌株A18,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于Delftia tsuruhatensis,它可以降解苯胺.以丙烯酰胺为惟一碳源的无机盐培养基中,以菌株细胞的增长和丙烯酰胺的降解为依据,通过实验得出A18菌株的最适生长条件:温度为30℃,pH为7.0.在最适生长条件下,当丙烯酰胺的初始浓度约为1 000 mg/L时,菌株A18对丙烯酰胺的48 h降解率达到100％.     

生物膜电极反应器降解苯胺的研究

生物膜电极反应器是结合生物膜法和电催化技术而发展的新型废水处理技术.研究了生物膜电极上的苯胺降解,对电流强度、温度、葡萄糖协同作用等因素的影响进行了观察.结果表明,生物膜电极反应器最高的电流强度为5 mA,运行的最适温度为36 ℃.葡萄糖对苯胺的生物膜电极降解的协同作用在进水COD为2 000 mg/L后达到最大.色谱/质谱联用检测苯胺降解中间产物为4-羟基-α-氨基戊酸.生物膜电极上的苯胺降解在阴极发生,降解开环途径与常规降解途径不同.     

低温降解苯胺高效菌群的筛选及特性研究

在低温下对吉林化工厂污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥、低温生活污水处理系统曝气池活性污泥、实验室菌种库保存的高效菌剂以及以上三者的混合样等4种样品进行了变温培养、驯化,筛选到一组低温降解苯胺高效菌群--吉化污泥.该菌群对苯胺初始浓度不高于800 mg/L驯化培养基中苯胺的降解率可以达到100%,当初始苯胺浓度升到1000 mg/L时,去除率也能保持在60%以上;菌胶团形成能力较强,菌胶团形成指数达到21.2%;并且在高岭土絮凝试验中表现出很强的生物絮凝能力.该菌群的生长温度范围为5-35℃,最适培养温度15℃,属于耐冷菌群.适合作为生物强化菌剂投加到低温苯胺类废水生物处理系统中,提高处理系统的净化能力.葡萄糖作为共代谢基质对低温苯胺生物降解有促进作用,而无机氮源作用不明显.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.