北京城市污泥大颗粒低温热干化效率研究

污泥热干化工艺的高运行成本制约着该工艺在我国的推广.为确定污泥低温热干化的最佳效率条件,提供节约热干化工艺成本的理论基础,以北京市城市污泥为样品对低温热干化进行了模拟试验.比较了不同温度(125℃、150℃、175℃、200℃)、不同比表面积(柱形、饼形、球形)的大颗粒污泥的干化速率,并试验了有无流动气氛两种环境条件.结果表明,污泥热干化大致分为3个阶段:升速阶段、匀速阶段和降速阶段.3种形状中,饼形污泥的干化效率最好;干化效率点在125～150℃;提出了修正的Page模型,并且通过参数分析得到了低温热干化的温度效率拐点,佐证了效率点温度在140℃左右;流动气氛会进一步提高脱水效率.污泥热干化尾气释放特性一直是研究难点,用土壤中VOC的监测方法发现,新鲜污泥中的VOC能被准确监测,但经过加热干化后的尾气中的有机成分剧增,而且难以使用GC/MS定性.     

城市污水处理厂污泥固化处理技术研究

以水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣为固化剂对城市污水处理厂的污泥进行固化处理.通过抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性来评价污泥固化块的力学性质和安全性能;采用XRD和SEM分析污泥固化块的组成和微观结构.结果表明,水泥、粉煤灰、煤渣对污泥固化块的抗压强度具有有利影响.当水泥掺量为0.07 kg/kg,粉煤灰掺量为0.02 kg/kg,煤渣掺量为0.06 kg/kg,即m(污泥):m(水泥):m(粉煤灰):m(煤渣)＝1:0.07:0.02:0.06时,养护7 d的污泥固化块抗压强度约为1.8 MPa.该配方的污泥固化块对重金属具有较好的固定效果,浸出液中重金属质量浓度满足国家标准.污泥的含水率对污泥固化效果具有不利影响.     

混凝-电凝聚-超滤技术处理3次采油废水研究

为使3次采油废水的CODCr达到国家标准要求,在保留油田现有工艺处理的基础上,采用电凝聚-超滤耦合技术并投加无机混凝剂对3次采油废水进行深度处理.调整跨膜压差、反应时间、混凝剂投加量、电流密度、温度、pH值等进行条件筛选试验.电凝聚反应结束后启动超滤系统,从反应槽中取适量处理水,采用重铬酸钾法测定其CODCr.采用钢作电极,当极板间距为2 cm,pH值为7.00,硫酸铝混凝剂投加量为300 mg/L,搅拌速度为500 r/min,电流密度为12.5 A/m2时,40℃下水浴加热反应30 min后,启动超滤系统并控制跨膜压差为0.08 MPa,此时CODCr去除率达69.3%,出水CODCr值为81.8 mg/L,满足国家<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8987-1996)中一级标准要求.研究表明,混凝-电凝聚-超滤技术能够有效处理3次采油废水,反应时间为30～40min,混凝剂投加量为300～400mg/L,电流密度为12.5～16.7 A/m2,温度为40℃,pH值为7～7.5时,其处理效果显著.     

活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的吸附热力学研究

以城市污水处理厂脱水干污泥为原料,以浓硫酸为活化剂,制备活化剩余污泥吸附剂,采用正交试验法考察了Pb2+初始质量浓度、初始pH值、吸附温度、活化剩余污泥投加量对活化剩余污泥吸附性能的影响.结果表明,活化剩余污泥对Pb2+的最佳吸附条件为pb2+初始质量浓度60 mg/L、初始pH值5、活化剩余污泥投加量100mg、吸附温度288 K,影响从高到低的各因素为Pb2+初始质量浓度、吸附温度、初始pH值、活化剩余污泥投加量.采用Langmuir、Freundlich、D-K-R吸附等温方程对不同温度下的吸附平衡试验数据进行拟合.Langmuir吸附等温方程可以较好地描述活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附平衡过程.其吸附过程吉布斯自由能△G为-3.35 ～-0.32 kJ/mol,焓变△H和熵变△S均为负值,表明活化剩余污泥对pb2+的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应.     

A retro-synthesis approach for hazard evaluation and risk screening

Risk screening instruments can be very useful for evaluating hazards and establishing priorities for risk reduction. Further, these instruments can provide educational value to field staff when they are distributed to individuals outside of traditional process safety roles. This paper describes a retro-synthesis technique whereby risk screening instruments can be readily generated for these types of hazard evaluation and priority setting activities. Further, by utilizing a retro-synthesis approach, data gathered at the field level can often be drawn upon at a later point if a more detailed risk assessment is required. The retro-synthesis approach involves working backwards from traditional risk functions (relationships) so as to define the predominant elements for incorporation within the risk screening instrument. Compared to conventional techniques, the retro-synthesis approach utilizes deductive reasoning techniques in a manner similar to Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). However, the directional relationships that are established between causes and consequences become inverted.For example, risk can be defined as a function of “likelihood” and “severity”, where “severity” may be a function of the “energy released” and the “exposure group”. Similarly, the “energy released” is often a function of the “properties of the material involved” and the “amount of material released”. Through identifying these relationships, “risk” in this example can be characterized as a function of “likelihood”, “exposure group”, “properties of the material involved”, and “amount of material released”. Further, by highlighting the various influential parameters, the relationships between each of these parameters, as related to risk, can also be understood. Once the various terms and functions are defined, screening categories can then be developed to quantify each of the terms so as to allow for an approximation of the relative risk involved for the given scenarios.This approach benefits from being simple to develop, maintaining alignment with the mathematics required for more detailed quantitative risk assessments, and generating screening categories which can be given to field staff. Through careful construction of the screening categories field staff can then rapidly, and in a reproducible manner, screen a large number of scenarios so as to identify those situations which represent priority hazards.     

处理聚驱采油废水的MBR反应器中活性污泥的驯化

为了提高膜生物反应器对聚驱采油废水的生化处理效果,以炼油厂污水处理站二沉池的活性污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高进水中聚驱采油废水比例的加压驯化方法,在一体浸没式膜生物反应器(MBR)中进行活性污泥的驯化.对驯化过程中MBR系统内污泥性质、微生物相和聚驱采油废水处理效果分别进行了研究.结果表明,经过近30 d的驯化培养后,评价污泥浓度与沉降性能的指标如MLSS、MLVSS、SVI、SV等明显改善,表征污泥成熟的微生物相包括菌胶团、轮虫、楯纤虫等大量出现.驯化结束时,污泥所处的MBR系统对聚驱采油废水具有较好的处理效果,其中,膜出水的CODCr,去除率为77%,含油量去除率为94.6%,聚合物去除率为60.2%.说明驯化后活性污泥可以良好适应聚驱采油废水环境,MBR系统已基本完成了对污泥的驯化培养.利用电镜对膜组件进行观察,发现有凝胶层和沉积污泥吸附在膜表面上,从而使膜过滤阻力增加,引起膜污染.通过化学清洗可以有效去除膜表面的微生物和有机污染物,使膜组件功能得以恢复.     

污水泵站通风设计探讨

介绍了污水泵站内有害气体的特征及危害性,探讨了对污水泵站内有害物进行通风控制的设计方法。     

曝气及搅拌强化超声预处理污泥试验研究

超声是一种具有很大研究价值的污泥预处理技术,但超声波能耗较大,限制了其大规模应用。曝气和搅拌作为辅助技术可以使超声技术在较低的能耗下达到较高的破解效率。以污泥破解后上清液中SCOD增加值为主要评价指标,探究在曝气及搅拌辅助下超声预处理污泥的最佳条件,进一步考察在最佳条件下曝气及搅拌对超声破解污泥效率的提高和能耗的降低作用。结果表明,曝气最有效的超声声能密度为0.9 W/mL,最佳曝气量为20 mL/min,最有效的曝气时间为10 min,在超声10 min的后5 min曝气、前5 min不曝气比在整个超声过程中曝气破解溶出的SCOD更高。在最有效的条件下对污泥进行超声加曝气处理后的SCOD为388.45 mg/L,而相同条件下仅超声溶出的SCOD为196.5 mg/L,溶出的SCOD增加了97.7%,污泥经超声加曝气处理后SCOD溶出率为3.85%,比达到近似SCOD的仅超声处理方式的能量消耗降低了25%。搅拌作为另一个辅助技术,转速为600 r/min时对提高超声破解污泥的SCOD最有效,超声加搅拌比相同条件下仅超声破解污泥溶出的SCOD增加了83.8%,超声加搅拌破解污泥的SCOD溶出率为1.98%。在超声加曝气和搅拌的条件下,污泥SCOD溶出率为4.38%,污泥破解产生的SCOD比相同条件下仅超声破解的污泥SCOD增加了120.8%,比达到近似SCOD的仅超声处理方式的能量消耗降低了12.5%。     

两相厌氧工艺处理赖氨酸废水的试验研究

采用两相厌氧工艺(两级 UASB,Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed)处理模拟赖氨酸废水,实现产酸相与产气相的分离,并将硫酸盐还原作用控制在产酸阶段完成,达到去除SO42-和COD的双重目的.结果表明,一级UASB在水力停留时间(HRT)为9 h,水力负荷为0.7m3/(m2·h)时,COD及SO42-负荷分别达25.4 kg COD/(m3· d)和8.0kg SO42-/(m3·d),相应的去除率分别为47%和87%;二级UASB在HRT为10 h时,COD及SO42-的最大去除率分别为96%和95%;两相厌氧工艺总COD和SO42-去除率分别为97.2%和96.3%.     

哈药污泥的化学组成及农田应用安全性研究

通过对哈药总厂污水处理车间排放的污泥进行化学成分及施入土壤后重金属元素在土壤及水稻子粒中残留的分析,探讨该污泥能否应用于农田及适宜的用量.试验结果表明,污泥中有机质含量高,达800mg/kg,全氮含量达7%左右.重金属元素含量均明显低于农用污泥中污染控制标准值.大剂量施入土壤后,子粒中重金属元素的残留量与常规施肥无明显差异.随污泥用量的增加,土壤中有机质的含量明显提高,重金属元素除汞和锌有较大幅度提高外,其他元素差异不大.     

A cost effective method for decentralized sewage treatment

The aim of this research was to upgrade the performance of a conventional septic tank (CST) for on-site treatment of sewage with negligible costs. Although CST is known as an inexpensive pre-treatment system, a complementary treatment is required to reuse its output effluent. In this work, the quality of treated wastewater reached to the standard level for irrigation by the innovational changes made in the structure of CST for converting it into an advanced septic reactor (ASR). The modification consists adding some pipe and trays without using any mechanical or electrical equipment.ASR was operated at ambient temperatures in laboratory and pilot-scale. The effects of up-flow velocities (V_up) of 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1 and 1.5 m/h and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 36, 24 and 12 h on the ASR treatment performance were studied.For optimum V_up of 1 m/h and HRT of 24 h and biomass specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of 0.31 mg COD/g VSS d the maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS) were 86.2%, 79.4% and 95%, respectively.The results showed that ASR is an appropriate alternative for CST for sewage on-site treatment by a low cost modification.     

水温及污泥龄对生物处理系统运行的影响

水温和污泥龄对硝化作用有着重要的影响；水温和污泥龄对污泥增长量也起着主导性作用。指出水温对难降解程度有重大影响。     

A risk-based approach to design warning system for processing facilities

Alarm flooding is a major safety issue in today's processing facilities. Important recommendations are available for alarm management; however, they are often violated in practice, especially in the alarm systems implemented through the distributed control system. An effective process alarm prioritization and management system is desired for a safe and effective operation of a process facility.In present work, authors address two main issues related to an alarm system – the reliability and the prioritization of the alarms. The main objective is to deal with the alarm-flooding problem in process facilities. A multi alert voting system based on sensor redundancy approach is proposed to improve the reliability. A quantitative risk-based alarm management approach is proposed to address the flooding issue. In the risk-based approach, an integrated model consisting of the probability (P), the impact (I) of the potential hazards, and the process safety time is proposed to prioritize these raised alarms.The proposed approach is further explained by a reactor system with pressure and temperature variable monitoring and controls, where the hazards associated with two alerts caused by over high pressure and over high temperature are analyzed and integrated with response time for alarms generation and prioritization.     

A Bayesian approach to construct bow tie diagrams for risk evaluation

Bow tie diagrams have become a popular method for risk analysis and safety management. This tool describes the whole scenario of a given risk graphically, and proposes preventive and protective barriers to reduce, respectively, its occurrence and its severity. The weakness of bow tie diagrams is that they are restricted to a graphical representation of different scenarios exclusively designed by experts that ignore the dynamic aspect of real systems. Thus, constructing bow tie diagrams in an automatic and dynamic way remains a real challenge. This paper proposes a new Bayesian approach to construct bow tie diagrams from real data and improve them by adding a new numerical that enables us to implement the appropriate preventive and protective barriers in a dynamic manner.     

A new approach to road accident rescue

Objective: This article develops and validates a new methodology and tool for rescue assistance in traffic accidents, with the aim of improving its efficiency and safety in the evacuation of people, reducing the number of victims in road accidents.

Method: Different tests supported by professionals and experts have been designed under different circumstances and with different categories of damaged vehicles coming from real accidents and simulated trapped victims in order to calibrate and refine the proposed methodology and tool.

Results: To validate this new approach, a tool called App_Rescue has been developed. This tool is based on the use of a computer system that allows an efficient access to the technical information of the vehicle and sanitary information of the common passengers. The time spent during rescue using the standard protocol and the proposed method was compared.

Conclusion: This rescue assistance system allows us to make vital information accessible in posttrauma care services, improving the effectiveness of interventions by the emergency services, reducing the rescue time and therefore minimizing the consequences involved and the number of victims. This could often mean saving lives. In the different simulated rescue operations, the rescue time has been reduced an average of 14%.     

A new approach to measuring work-related well-being

The main aim of this study was to develop a short questionnaire to assess work-related well-being from the organizational behaviour perspective. The short well-being questionnaire enables measuring longitudinal work-related well-being. Work-related well-being was assessed with a 147-item questionnaire covering both organizational and intrinsic factors of work-related well-being. The questionnaire consisted of 27 categories. The respondents were 114 women (65%) and 62 men (35%), mean age 39.2 years, in various occupations. From the extensive questionnaire a shorter questionnaire with 33 items was developed by principal component analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure to test the sampling adequacy of 27 factor solutions varied from .62 to .91 and Cronbach?s α was .74-.94. Most κ values of the shorter questionnaire were .50-.94 (p < .001). The reliability of the short version was comparable to that of the original questionnaire. The short one could also be suitable for Internet and mobile questionnaire applications.     

安全心理学初探

介绍了心理学与安全的关系，分析了可能导致不安全因素的各种心理原因，指出了安全心理学的研究内容，点明了研究心理学在工程中的积极意义。     

电除尘器的设计与探讨

介绍了电除尘器的工作原理、结构特性、基本参数和总体设计计算。这种电除尘器可广泛使用于冶金、化工、轻工 ,水泥和矿山等工业部门 ,随着人们对生态环境质量要求的不断提高 ,电除尘器将成为环保的重要设备     

基于贝叶斯网络的一种事故分析模型

贝叶斯网络被认为是人工智能研究中不确定性知识表示和推理的重要工具。当前在系统安全领域中已开始运用贝叶斯网络技术进行故障诊断分析，然而故障只是诱发事故的因素之一，无法系统的评价事故背后的隐患，对事故后果的预测也甚少涉及。笔者将贝叶斯网络作为一种事故分析手段，在事故致因理论的基础上提出了一种基于危险因素-事故-事故危害的三层贝叶斯网络拓扑模型；阐述了网络模型层次间的因果关联关系、各层次的构成、节点的描述方法以及网络模型的构建方法；最后通过一个天然气球罐的分析案例验证了该模型分析方法的可行性和有效性。