Experimental study on ignitability of pure aluminum powders due to electrostatic discharges and Nitrogen's effect

In order to prevent dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges (ESD), this paper reports the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of aluminum powders in the air and the effective nitrogen (N₂) concentration for the inert technique. The Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and five kinds of different sized pure aluminum powders (median particle size, D50; 8.53 μm–51.2 μm) were used in this study. The statistic minimum ignition energy (MIE_s) of the most sensitive aluminum powder used in this study was 5 mJ, which was affected by the powder particle size (D50; 8.53 μm). In the case of aluminum powder, the inerting effects of N₂ were quite different from the polymer powders. The MIE of aluminum powder barely changed until the N₂ concentration was 89% in comparison with that of the normal air. When the N₂ concentration was 90%, the MIE of aluminum powders suddenly exceeded 1000 mJ, which does not occur easily with ESD in the industrial process.     

Experimental study on the influence of the nitrogen concentration in the air on the minimum ignition energies of combustible powders due to electrostatic discharges

As a useful method of preventing dust explosions, nitrogen (N₂), an incombustible gas, has been applied to an explosive atmosphere. This paper is a report that quantitatively determines whether the minimum ignition energy of powder depends on the nitrogen (or oxygen) concentration in the air. Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and six sample powders were used in this study. The results show that the minimum ignition energies of all of the powders used in this study increased with increased amounts of N₂ in the air. However, the effects were different in all of the sample powders. We finally suggest that the N₂ concentration of 84% (or above) prevents dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges in the industrial process with the sample powders used in this experiment.     

瓶级聚酯切片静电起电特性试验研究

为了分析瓶级聚酯切片(PET)生产过程中分析筛处理量对其静电带电特性的影响,基于颗粒振动摩擦带电模拟试验,研究单颗粒PET振动摩擦带电饱和量以及多颗粒PET振动带电荷质比数据.结果表明:瓶级PET产品静电半衰期超过80 ks;PET单颗粒与金属分析筛碰撞摩擦时带电量随振动时间增加趋于饱和,且单粒子荷质比大小可超过16 ...     

Experimental study of humidity influence on triboelectric charging of particle-laden duct flows

Electrostatic charge on powders arises during pneumatic transport due to particle–particle and particle–surface interactions via triboelectrification. This is a potential threat to the safety of industrial production and the source of numerous fires and dust explosions in the past. Triboelectric charges are affected by environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature and relative humidity. In this work, we experimentally investigated the influence of ambient humidity on the particle charge of gas–solid flows in a square-shaped duct. Monodisperse PMMA particles are fed into a fully developed airflow in a PMMA duct and then pass through a metallic duct section. The charge of particles is measured at the outlet of the metallic duct via a Faraday cup. By measuring the electrostatic charge under various environmental conditions, we observed that the electrostatic charge first increases with the humidity and then decreases when the humidity becomes higher.     

车用乙醇汽油静电起电特性试验研究

为研究乙醇汽油使用过程中存在的静电风险及带电变化规律,基于自主研发的油品电荷密度表,试验研究了乙醇含量对管输汽油静电带电规律的影响,获得乙醇体积含量0~5%的管输油品静电数据;对油库内乙醇汽油装车作业及加油站加油作业乙醇汽油静电起电特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:随着乙醇含量的增加,油品静电呈现先增大后减小的趋势;乙醇体积含量在0.5%~1%时,油品静电起电量最高可达到-77.2 μC/m3,为此需注意乙醇汽油调配过程中可能存在的静电风险;高电导率的车用乙醇汽油在加油作业时,油品静电起电量较低。     

Ignitability of aluminous coating powders due to electrostatic spark

Electrostatic Powder coating which is a surface finishing technique has widely been used in paint industry since its invention in the 1960s. However, so far, insufficient attention has been paid to the powder fires and/or explosion hazards caused by electrostatic spark during coating process. This paper is a report of the electrostatic spark ignitability of aluminous coating powders (dry blend-type) used in practical electrostatic powder coating. The Hartman vertical-tube apparatus was used for the minimum ignition energy (MIE) test. Various aluminous coating powders, different with respect to the amount of aluminum pigment, were used in this study. Experimental results obtained in this study are as follows: (1) The aluminous coating powder was so sensitive that even an electrostatic spark with an energy as low as 10 mJ could ignite it. (2) The particle size of aluminous coating powder has a considerable effect on the ignitability when the aluminum pigment concentration is within 6 wt% of the practical coating powder manufacturing standards. Thus, the conventional expression for estimating the MIE can be useful when assessing the electrostatic hazards associated with aluminum coating powders.     

Evaluation of the parameters influencing electrostatic charging of powder in a pipe flow

Triboelectric charging of powders during pneumatic transport can lead to hazardous spark discharges. In this study, the charging process was studied numerically by means of large eddy simulations. A range of design parameters was then analyzed statistically applying the Design of Experiments methodology. It is shown that the electric charge of the powder can be significantly decreased by reducing the conveying air velocity. Furthermore, the usage of pipes of a larger diameter and the application of higher solid mass flow rates also reduce the powder charge.     

静电旋风水膜除尘系统电晕极优化实验研究*

为了研究电晕极结构对静电旋风水膜除尘系统的影响,采用逐步优化法,对比十字形芒刺电晕极和笼式环形电晕极在不同横向极距、纵向极距、芒刺数下对电场特性的影响。研究结果表明:经优化后,加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极放电能力优于未加入芒刺的笼式环形电晕极和十字形芒刺电晕极,并在与水膜共同作用时具有较高的除尘效率,其结构参数为:从上至下4层圆环半径依次为107,80,54,28 mm;相邻圆环纵向极距为150 mm,圆环与集尘极的横向极距为90 mm;半径最小圆环上芒刺数为8根,其直径为2 mm,长度为10 mm。优化后的电晕极结构与水膜作用有助于提升静电旋风水膜除尘系统的除尘效率。     

Experimental study on electrostatic spark discharge under different electrode parameters,pressure and gas component

In this work, the influence of different experimental parameters (electrode gap, electrode shape, pressure and gas component) on spark discharge characteristics is investigated. The dynamic processes of voltage, current, energy, and power during the spark discharge process are analyzed. Electrical characteristic parameters including the discharge energy, discharge efficiency, spark resistance and total resistance are studied. High-speed schlieren technology is used to visualize the spark discharge and shock wave formation under different pressure and electrode shapes. The effect of pressure on the shape, radius and average velocity of the shock wave is investigated.     

Safe handling of combustible powders during transportation,charging, discharging and storage

The knowledge of the ignition behavior of dust–air mixtures due to electrical sparks (MIE, Minimum Ignition Energy) and hot surfaces (MIT, Minimum Ignition Temperature) is important for risk assessments in chemical production plants. The ignition behavior determines the extent and hence the cost of preventive protection measures.This paper describes the use of the minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature as very important safety indexes in practice.     

Triboelectric charging behavior of wood particles during pellet handling processes

Electrostatic charges accumulated on wood particles through triboelectrification during their transportation and handling processes can cause hazardous electrical discharge which may further trigger dust explosion. In this work, tribo-charging behavior of different kinds of wood particles was investigated by a vibrating plate charging method. It was found that reduction in the work function difference between contact bodies might contribute to the reduction of tribo-charge generation, while the reduction of electrical resistivity of wood pellets could effectively accelerate the charge dissipation. As the particle size decreases, accumulated charges increase significantly. In contrast, higher moisture content of wood particles leads to lower charge accumulation due to an accelerated charge dissipation rate. Tribo-charging behaviors of white pellets, torrefied pellet, steam treated pellets and dark pellets have also been investigated. Compared to the white pellets, they all have shown a reduction on charge accumulation to some extent. However, results suggested that all of them have nearly equivalent tribo-charge density as coal and wheat grains used as references in this study.     

受限空间网状高分子材料抑制油气爆炸实验研究

为研究新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸的抑制作用,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,通过对比是否按留空率规范填充抑爆材料所达到的3种工况,分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰强度和火焰持续时间等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸产生的最大爆炸超压值、升压速率和火焰强度有明显的抑制作用;新型网状高分子材料对火焰的传播有明显的阻滞作用,使火焰传播速度减小;当新型材料按照规范填充时,最大爆炸超压值和升压速率分别下降了84.36%和 39.18%以上,火焰被完全熄灭,并且距离点火端越远,抑爆效果越明显。     

混合药物粉尘输运过程静电特性实验研

兽药制药粉尘加工工艺过程中,由于粉尘颗粒之间或颗粒与设备、管壁之间的碰撞、摩擦,导致装置内部静电荷量积聚,激发静电放电,粉尘燃烧或爆炸的事故频发。实验主要通过包括粉尘与管材摩擦的漏电电流测试和静电放电火花对粉尘云点燃敏感性测试两部分。结果表明:单一药物药粉的静电漏电电流随着管材管径的增大,管长的增长,静电漏电电流逐渐变大;随着倾斜角的增大,静电漏电电流先增大后降低;镀锌铁管的漏电电流大于PVC管,电荷逸散速度更快。单一兽药粉的粉尘云放电火花最小点燃能量随质量浓度的变化,呈现二次曲线的变化趋势。混合兽药粉与单一兽药粉的漏电电流和粉尘云放电火花最小点燃能量的测试结果的变化趋势是一致的。     

Minimum ignition energies of pure magnesium powders due to electrostatic discharges and nitrogen's effect

This paper experimentally investigated the relation between the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of magnesium powders as well as the effect of inert nitrogen (N₂) on the MIE. The modified Hartmann vertical-tube apparatus and four kinds of different-sized pure magnesium powders (median particle size, D50; 28.1 μm–89.8 μm) were used in this study. The MIE of the most sensitive magnesium powder was 4 mJ, which was affected by the powder particle size (D50; 28.1 μm). The MIE of magnesium powder increased with an increase in the N₂ concentration for the inerting technique. The magnesium dust explosion with an electrostatic discharge of 1000 mJ was suppressed completely at an N₂ concentration range of more than 98%. The experimental data presented in this paper will be useful for preventing magnesium dust explosions generated from electrostatic discharges.     

Experimental study on the relationship between the charge amount of polypropylene granules and the frequency of electrostatic discharges while silo loading

This paper is a report on the relationship between the charge amount (charge to mass ratio, q/m) of polypropylene (PP, 2–3 mm) granules and the frequency of electrostatic discharges that occur while loading a metal silo. The feedback control system was used in order to control the q/m of PP granules. The electrostatic discharges inside the silo were also observed using a conventional image-intensifier system. The charging control range for PP granules was from 0 to −12 μC/kg in the q/m. The results obtained from the experiments show that (1) two kinds of electrostatic discharges were clearly observed inside a metal silo while loading PP granules, i.e., brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges; (2) the number of brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges increased with the increase in the q/m of PP granules, almost reaching saturation; and (3) brush discharges and incendiary bulk surface discharges began to occur at the −1.16 μC/kg and −2.33 μC/kg points in the q/m, respectively, in this study.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of inert solids on ignition sensitivity of organic powders

This work presents the results of the experimental characterization of the ignition sensitivity of solid inertant/combustible powders mixtures. Three inert solids (alumina, Kieselguhr, aerosil) and eleven organic powders have been considered and the following parameters have been determined: (1) the minimum ignition energy, (2) the minimum ignition temperature in cloud and (3) the minimum ignition temperature in 5 mm layer. The effects of the addition of inert solids are described and a simple model is proposed to represent the experimental results.Generally, increasing inert solid content in a powder leads to a higher minimum ignition energy as well as a higher minimum ignition temperatures in cloud and in layer. In some cases, the flammability is influenced above a threshold concentration value, which can be quite high (up to 85 wt.%). Indeed, the proposed model shows a zone below the minimum ignition concentration (MIC), which does not enable an efficient or safe inerting: either the admixed inert solid does not provide a sufficient effect, or it can even facilitate the ignition of the dust by notably improving its dispersability.The influence of key parameters such as the thermal conductivity or optical properties on the efficiency of the inerting by admixed solid need to be further assessed in a future work in view to better understand the mechanisms involved and to extend the scope to other types of oxidizable materials.     

不同喷嘴类型静电旋风水膜除尘系统配置优化实验研究*

为对比加宽版吹风喷头、1 mm孔径广角实心喷嘴和组合型喷嘴配置下的静电旋风水膜除尘系统的除尘效果,对进口风速、静电电压和单位面积流量3个单因素进行实验。研究结果表明:借助SPSS软件正交实验设计得出各喷嘴最佳参数、除尘效率影响因素排序均为进口风速＞静电电压＞单位面积流量。在各喷嘴最佳参数下,除尘性能排序为组合型喷嘴>加宽版吹风喷头>1 mm孔径广角实心喷嘴。在组合型喷嘴最佳参数（进口风速12.03 m/s、单位面积流量1.02 L/(m2·s)、电压45 kV）下,当进口风速不变时,除尘系统的分级除尘效率随粉尘颗粒粒径的增大而增大,但增幅不断地变缓,粒径约为40 μm时分级效率近似达到100%;当粉尘颗粒粒径不变时,分级效率随进口风速的增大呈现递减的趋势,粒径越大下的分级效率越接近。     

矿工心理疲劳试验研究

为了研究矿工心理疲劳,减少煤矿人因事故,保障煤矿安全生产,以煤矿工人为研究对象,通过双类内隐联想试验(IAT)和外显调查问卷相结合的方法对煤矿工人心理疲劳进行实证研究.首先,通过自由联想问卷、李克特量表及专家讨论确定试验材料;其次,通过卡内基梅隆大学等开发的试验生成系统E-prime 2.0软件编制内隐试验程序,试验预测矿工内隐心理疲劳;再次,借用马斯拉奇心理疲劳量表中文修订版,测量矿工的外显心理疲劳;最后,运用SPSS 25.0和Excel 19.0分析内隐和外显心理疲劳,以及内隐与外显心理疲劳的关系.结果表明:被试整体上存在心理疲劳;内隐和外显心理疲劳之间不存在相关关系或存在弱相关关系,它们属于不同的建构.     

可燃材料火灾性能参数的实验研究

利用新建的火灾早期特性实验台对可燃材料的质量损失速率以及表面温度在不同的热辐射条件下进行了测量,并与锥形量热计的结果进行了对比。研究发现,这两类实验结果存在着一些差异。     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫对尾部电除尘器的影响

分析了循环流化床锅炉添加石灰石、生石灰和熟石灰脱硫对尾部除尘器的影响 ,主要从烟气含尘浓度和粉尘比电阻两个方面进行计算分析。