Characterization of the ignition by repetitive streamer discharges using laser diagnostics

Repetitive streamer discharges caused by transients, e.g. due to high frequency overvoltages, can ignite combustible mixtures, which has to be taken into account concerning the safety assessment of electrical apparatus for usage in hazardous areas. Hydrogen/air mixtures were ignited inside a closed vessel using a rod/plane electrode configuration. Alternating voltage with a frequency between 600 and 750 kHz and amplitudes of up to 20 kV was used to produce streamer discharges. The ignition process and the subsequent flame front propagation were examined with respect to mixture composition and several electrical parameters using time-resolved measurements of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of OH radicals. A multiple pulse laser and detection system was used to assemble four images during one experiment. These measurements have given detailed information about the point of ignition and flame velocities. The experimental results will be used to validate numerical simulations of ignition by streamer discharges, which will yield deep insights into this specific ignition process.     

Modelling the mitigation of a hydrogen deflagration in a nuclear waste silo ullage with water fog

During the decommissioning of certain legacy nuclear waste storage plants it is possible that significant releases of hydrogen gas could occur. Such an event could result in the formation of a flammable mixture within the silo ullage and, hence, the potential risk of ignition and deflagration occurring, threatening the structural integrity of the silo. Very fine water mist fogs have been suggested as a possible method of mitigating the overpressure rise, should a hydrogen–air deflagration occur. In the work presented here, the FLACS CFD code has been used to predict the potential explosion overpressure reduction that might be achieved using water fog mitigation for a range of scenarios where a hydrogen–air mixture, of a pre-specified concentration (containing 800 L of hydrogen), uniformly fills a volume located in a model silo ullage space, and is ignited giving rise to a vented deflagration. The simulation results suggest that water fog could significantly reduce the peak explosion overpressure, in a silo ullage, for lower concentration hydrogen–air mixtures up to 20%, but would require very high fog densities to be achieved to mitigate 30% hydrogen–air mixtures.     

Charge reduction on polypropylene granules and suppression of incendiary electrostatic discharges by using a novel AC electrostatic ionizer

As a method to prevent or mitigate electrostatic charge and/or discharges, we have developed a novel AC electrostatic ionizer. In this study, we evaluated experimentally the practical version of the novel AC electrostatic ionizer with a modeling test system and a pneumatic powder transport facility. In addition, electrostatic discharges generated inside a silo while loading polypropylene (PP, 3 mm) granules were observed visually with/without the novel AC ionizer. The specific charge was clearly decreased with the novel AC electrostatic ionizer. The specific charge obtained with the four arranged AC electrostatic ionizers used was approximately one eighth of that without the AC ionizer. The incendiary bulk surface discharges completely died out inside the silo by using the four arranged ionizers.     

Suppression of methane explosions in a field-scale pipe

Suppression of passive and active explosions has been investigated in a field-scale pipe in this paper. Water recognized effective in explosion suppression has been chosen as the extinguishing agent, and the water mist formed by home developed passive and active explosion suppressors has been proved successfully to meet the practical requirements. The experimental results showed that the suppression effects depend on the density and length of water mist suspended inside the pipe, and both passive and active explosion suppressors can fully quench the explosion of methane–air mixture with the filling of enough water. The larger the mist density and length is, the better the suppression effect becomes. For passive explosion suppression, two suppressors with different arrangements have been discussed. Moreover, a critical curve was plotted based on the experimental results of active explosion suppressions, which can be applied to evaluate the suppression effects practically.     

烟火药中使用氯酸钾的爆炸危险性分析

通过对烟火药的爆炸条件和氯酸钾的物理化学性能进行分析,论述了含有氯酸钾的烟火药在机械摩擦、撞击、受潮、含有杂质、日光照射和高温气候条件下的爆炸危险性,得出烟火药中禁止使用氯酸钾的结论.     

Characteristics and hazards of electrostatic discharges in air

In the assessment of electrostatic hazards in the process industries, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the determination of energies in spark discharges. There are, however, other electrostatic discharge phenomena where this approach has severe limitations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the state-of-the-art with respect to electrostatic discharges in gases (air). An in depth review of the literature has been made, and the various types of discharges are tabulated and discussed.     

不同粒径磷矿粉对玉米吸收积累重金属的影响

通过盆栽试验研究土壤中添加不同粒径磷矿粉对玉米吸收积累重金属的影响。结果表明,土壤中添加不同磷矿粉均可显著地降低玉米地上部和地下部的生物量。玉米植株对Cd、Zn、Cu和As的吸收积累也受不同粒径磷矿粉添加的影响。与对照处理相比,添加200μm、22μm和0.8μm的磷矿粉可导致玉米地上部Cd和As质量比分别降低14.1%~26.8%和15.4%~22.9%,玉米地上部Cu质量比和地下部As质量比分别提高5.2%~10.5%和56.3%~75.6%。与200μm和22μm相比,0.8μm磷矿粉可显著降低玉米根系对土壤Cu、Cd和Zn的吸收,说明该粒径磷矿粉是修复复合重金属污染土壤具有潜力的材料。     

Suppression of gas explosion using vacuum chamber at different break-up times of diaphragm

Vacuum chamber is a new method to suppress the gas explosion. The explosion propagation characteristics have been studied in an L-shaped channel (tubes joined a right angle) with a vacuum chamber in the region of joining of the tubes. The vacuum chamber separated from the inner tubular space with the help of a diaphragm pierced by firing pin. The results demonstrate that the effect of explosion suppression of vacuum chamber is related to the break-up time of diaphragm and the position of the explosive flame front. When the diaphragm breaks up, the shorter the distance of flame front propagation is, the closer the flame front gets to the vacuum chamber, and the better effect of explosion suppression is, conversely, the worse the effect of explosion suppression is.     

Control of electrostatic charge for powder by using feedback control-type ionizer system

As a method to prevent or mitigate cone discharges in a specific section such as a large silo, we have developed a new feedback control-type ionizer system. The feedback control-type system is composed mainly of an ionizer, an electrostatic field strength meter, and computer control equipment. In this study, we evaluated experimentally the practical version of the feedback control-type ionizer system through several tests in a pneumatic powder transport facility. The specific charges of the falling pellets in the silo were also measured for 10 s using a Faraday cage. Polypropylene (PP) pellets with a mean particle size of 3 mm were used in this experiment. The results of the experiment revealed that the feedback control-type ionizer system had the following characteristics: (1) it is possible to control the performance of the ionizer with a supply current; (2) the electrostatic field strength in the loading pipe from the charged powder is reduced and maintained at near zero by using the feedback control-type system; and (3) the performance of the feedback control-type system is superior to that of others, such as the conventional AC- or DC-type ionizers.     

基于扎根理论的煤矿运输险兆事件影响因素研究

为了科学预防并控制煤矿运输险兆事件发生,需明确煤矿运输险兆事件影响因素,以便采取相应的管控策略。在文献研究与调研访谈的基础上,运用扎根理论质性研究方法,深入分析访谈资料及煤矿运输险兆事件案例,通过开放性译码、主轴译码、选择性译码、理论饱和检验等环节对煤矿运输险兆事件影响因素进行研究。结果表明,安全培训、安全意识、监督检查等16个主范畴对煤矿运输险兆事件有影响,从中选择4个核心范畴,即运输设备系统、运输作业场所、组织管理体系、工作人员素质,概括为物理性因素与行为性因素,构建了包含2个主要因素、4个核心范畴及16个主范畴的煤矿运输险兆事件影响因素评价指标体系,最后提出了推行标准作业流程、建立管理机制、加强安全文化建设、开展闭环教育培训等策略,减少并预防煤矿运输险兆事件的发生。     

基于锥形量热仪的典型软垫座椅材料燃烧特性研究

采用锥形量热仪研究不同热辐射功率下典型软垫座椅材料(聚氨酯泡沫填料/包覆层组合件)的燃烧特性,为软垫座椅的火灾安全提供技术支持。结果表明:在点燃性能方面,聚氨酯泡沫/人造革组合件的耐热性相对最高,其点燃前包覆层开口临界辐射功率为40~45 k W/m~2,聚氨酯泡沫/尼龙组合件不易被点燃,其包覆层具有较高的阻燃性;分析材料的热释放速率(HRR)曲线得到,聚氨酯泡沫/人造革组合件充分燃烧过程中出现2个增长峰,且峰值相对较低,而聚氨酯泡沫/化纤与聚氨酯泡沫/尼龙组合件只有1个增长峰,且在50k W/m~2热辐射下峰值均达到600 k W/m~2以上;采用多种评价指标对各组合件进行评估,发现FGI分析与Petrella风险矩阵更适用于组合件材料的火灾危险性评估。     

易燃易爆场所独立避雷针检测方法

结合目前易燃易爆场所防雷装置的实际现状,根据独立避雷针的工作原理,提出了易燃易爆场所独立避雷针的检测技术和方法,指出独立避雷针应该计算它到被保护建筑物及其有联系的管道、电缆等金属物之间的安全距离和有效保护范围,检测接地电阻值,应具备良好的防腐、焊接效果,该检测方法为各级防雷检测机构或单位自检提供了借鉴.     

振动法测试预应力拉杆工作内力

预应力拉杆弯曲刚度较小,其振动频率近似于绳索,故可借用绳索振动原理对拉杆轴力进行测定.以某游泳馆拱下预应力拉杆检测为例,应用振动法测试拉杆的工作内力.     

安徽某硫铁尾矿区农田土壤重金属污染特征

对安徽省某硫铁矿尾矿区农田土壤、农作物进行重金属污染分析和风险评价,为硫矿区农田重金属污染风险管理与土地利用提供理论依据。布设30个采样点采集土壤及其毛豆样品,ICP-MS法测定Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb重金属全量,运用单因子指数、综合污染指数、潜在生态风险指数法和生物富集系数法对重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,研究区土壤p H值在3. 37～4. 60,均值为4. 03,土壤呈强酸性、酸性。比对安徽省土壤重金属背景值,研究区土壤已明显遭受外源重金属污染;比对GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》风险筛选值,受到Cd、Cu重金属污染,其中60%采样点Cu超标,76. 67%采样点Cd超标,但都远低于标准风险管制值;单因子污染指数评价结果显示该研究区农田以Cu、Cd污染为主;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明研究区农田土壤总体已遭受重金属污染;潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示研究区土壤总体为轻微综合潜在生态危害,Cd在67%以上检测点为中等风险水平、10%为强风险水平。研究区农田农作物毛豆籽粒中Pb、Cd、As质量比均值未超过GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》规定的限量值,其对重金属的富集系数(EF)从大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Cu、As、Pb。     

燃烧管中烟煤粉粉尘云传播参数的试验研究

利用自行设计的长29.6 m,内径199 mm,配有特殊扬尘装置的大犁卧式燃烧爆炸管道试验系统,对弱点火条件下烟煤粉与空气两相悬浮流中的爆炸过程进行了试验研究,用压电传感器测量了管内各测点的压力信号,观测到快速爆燃的状态稳定,分析了爆燃波稳定传播机理.结果表明:在煤粉浓度为300g/m~3及弱点火条件下,悬浮烟煤粉粉尘云中爆燃波能够稳定传播,且稳态传播距离持续20 m以上,峰值超压和波速平均值分别约为70 kPa和430m/s.     

呼吸性粉尘个体采样器气流脉动的研究

分析了个体呼吸性粉尘采样器气流脉动的形成原因,以及其对采样性能的影响,提出了解决这一问题的方法。     

粉料无尘装车技术及其在电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统中的应用

传统电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统存在工艺繁杂、能耗大、输送速度慢、系统难于维护及二次扬尘问题,电除尘器、大布袋除尘器输灰系统采用粉料无尘装车技术可有效简化工艺、提高生产速度和系统运行、维护可靠性,很大程度减少能耗并彻底根除二次扬尘。     

矿用喷雾抑尘剂进展及评估因素探讨

简要地介绍了国内外喷雾抑尘剂的研究进展,分析了目前抑尘剂在应用中存在的问题,提出建立抑尘剂综合评价指标体系,评估和优选出综合性能优良的抑尘剂,利于在矿山推广和采用。     

受限空间内惰性气体对CH4爆炸抑制特性研究

N2和CO2是常用的惰性抑爆气体,为研究两种气体的抑爆特性,采用20L球形爆炸试验装置,分析了不同浓度配比条件下N2/CH4/空气以及CO2/CH4/空气混合气体的爆炸压力,同时采集爆炸后的气体样品,对比分析爆炸后残留气体的主要成分。结果显示:随CH4浓度从5%增加至12.5%时,完全抑制CH4爆炸需要的惰性气体最小量先增大后降低,CH4浓度在6.5%~7.5%之间时,抑爆需要的惰性气体的量最大;在同一CH4浓度条件下,抑爆需要N2的量大于CO2,并且CH4浓度在5%~6.5%时,抑爆需要两种惰性气体的量值差别最大;当CH4浓度一定时,随着加入惰性气体量的增大,爆炸最大超压逐渐降低,惰性气体浓度和爆炸超压之间基本呈线性关系;在同样条件下,相对于N2,CO2为抑爆气体时,爆炸后腔体内残留的CH4浓度较高。研究成果为惰性气体抑爆技术提供技术支撑,同时为揭示惰性气体抑爆机理有一定作用。