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1.
《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2006,85(3):417-439
Various types of plants (wheat, bean, lettuce, radish and grass) were contaminated by dry deposition of radioactive aerosols (137Cs, 85Sr, 133Ba and 123mTe) in order to supplement the radioecological data necessary for operational post-accidental codes. A few days after deposition, rainfalls were applied to these cultures to evaluate the influence of some characteristics of the rain on the contamination of the culture over time. On the other hand, for wheat and bean, the influence of the humidity condition of the foliage at the contamination time was considered. For a given plant species at a given vegetative stage, the four radionuclides were intercepted in an identical way. The interception varied from 30% for bean (young sprout) to 80% for lettuce (near maturity). The global transfer factor values were dependent on both the radionuclides and the plant species; nevertheless, a higher value was obtained for cesium, regardless of the plant and the rainfall (from 0.006 m2 kgfresh−1 for wheat-grains – contaminated at the shooting stage – or for bean-pods – contaminated at the pre-flowering stage – to 0.1 m2 kgfresh−1 for a whole lettuce). The analysis of the results allowed us on the one hand, to extract parameter values of the foliar transfer directly usable in operational codes, in particular those relating to barium and tellurium, unknown until then, and on the other hand, to lay the foundations of a future, more mechanistic model, taking into account the foliar processes in a finer way. 相似文献
2.
Jiaojiao Wu Bing Li Jiali Liao Yue Feng Dong Zhang Jun Zhao Wei Wen Yuanyou Yang Ning Liu 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009,100(10):914-920
The adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite and the effects of experimental conditions on adsorption were investigated by using 134Cs as a radioactive tracer. Additionally, the Cs-adsorbed and the modified montmorillonite were analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer System (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite was efficient in the initial concentration (C0) of 30 μg/L Cs nitrate solution with 20 g/L montmorillonite at room temperature. In this condition, more than 98% Cs+ ions could be adsorbed at pH 8. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min and the relationship between the concentration of Cs+ in aqueous solutions and adsorption capacities of Cs+ can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate would decrease when temperature increase from 0 °C to 50 °C or in presence of coexistent K+, Na+ and Ca2+, while modification by (NH4)2SO4, [Ag(NH3)2]+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ or 450 °C could improve the adsorption abilities of montmorillonite for Cs+. However, more than 89% of adsorbed Cs+ on montmorillonite could be desorbed by 2 mol/L HNO3 solutions. The XRD and SEM analysis further showed that the structure of the Cs-adsorbed or modified montmorillonite were different from that of the original one. 相似文献
3.
A transplant experiment was performed to determine the relative importances of root uptake from the sediments and foliar uptake from the water column in determining the accumulation of 137Cs by aquatic macrophytes. Uncontaminated individuals of three species, Brasenia schreberi, Nymphaea odorata and Nymphoides cordata, were transplanted into pots containing either contaminated sediments (i.e. 1.2 Bq 137Cs g−1 dry mass) or uncontaminated sediments (i.e. < 0.1 Bq g−1 dry mass) and immersed in Pond B, a former reactor cooling pond where 137Cs concentrations in surface waters range from 0.4 to 0.8 Bq liter−1. The plants in uncontaminated sediments rapidly accumulated 137Cs from the water column and after 35 days of immersion had 137Cs concentrations in leaves that were: (1) not statistically significantly different from those for plants in contaminated sediments; and (2) similar to those for the same species growing naturally in Pond B. The similarity in 137Cs concentrations between naturally-occurring plants and those in pots with uncontaminated sediments suggests that foliar uptake from the water column is the principal mode of Cs accumulation by these species in Pond B. 相似文献
4.
Pinder JE Hinton TG Taylor BE Whicker FW 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(3):283-293
The rates of accumulation and subsequent loss of stable cesium (133Cs) by organisms at different trophic levels within plankton-based and periphyton-based food chains were measured following the addition of 133Cs into a small reservoir near Aiken, South Carolina, USA. An uptake parameter u (L kg−1 d−1 dry mass) and a loss rate parameter k (d−1) were estimated for each organism using time-series measurements of 133Cs concentrations in water and biota, and these parameters were used to estimate maximum concentrations, times to maximum concentrations, and concentration ratios (Cr). The maximum 133Cs concentrations for plankton, periphyton, the insect larva Chaoborus punctipennis, which feeds on plankton, and the snail Helisoma trivolvis, which feeds on periphyton, occurred within the first 14 days following the addition, whereas the maximum concentrations for the fish species Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides occurred after 170 days. The Cr based on dry mass for plankton and C. punctipennis were 1220 L kg−1 and 5570 L kg−1, respectively, and were less than the Cr of 8630 L kg−1 for periphyton and 47,700 L kg−1 for H. trivolvis. Although the Cr differed between plankton-based and periphyton-based food chains, they displayed similar levels of biomagnification. Biomagnification was also indicated for fish where the Cr for the mostly nonpiscivorous L. macrochirus of 22,600 L kg−1 was three times less than that for mostly piscivorous M. salmoides of 71,500 L kg−1. Although the Cr for M. salmoides was greater than those for periphyton and H. trivolvis, the maximum 133Cs concentrations for periphyton and H. trivolvis were greater than that for M. salmoides. 相似文献
5.
Madoz-Escande C Garcia-Sanchez L Bonhomme T Morello M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,84(1):1-20
This work is aimed at quantifying foliar transfer of cesium, strontium, barium and tellurium under the influence of rainfall characteristics (intensity, frequency and time elapsed between contamination and first rainfall). Grassland boxes were contaminated by dry deposition of multi-element aerosols of (137)Cs, (85)Sr, (133)Ba and (123m)Te. They were grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. The treatments consisted of mowing and applying rainfalls (8 and 30 mmh(-1)) at different times after the contamination. At a leaf area index of 5.9+/-1.9, interception of the aerosols was similar for the 4 radionuclides (83.8+/-5.9%). Dew produced significant radionuclide accumulation in the base of the vegetation and transfer to the soil. For moderate intensity, an early (2 days after contamination) first rainfall was as efficient, in terms of leaf wash-off, as a longer rainfall occurring later (6 days after contamination). For early rainfalls, eliminated activities were comparable because the influence of rain intensity was compensated by rain duration. However, for late rainfalls, wash-off efficiency increased with rainfall intensity. Total transfer factors (TTF) were determined on whole grass immediately after 4 rainfalls and at harvest. After 4 medium intensity rainfalls, rain frequency did not influence total transfer factors (TTF) of strontium, barium and tellurium (about 0.2, 0.3 and 0.35 Bq kg(fresh weight)(-1) by Bq m(-2), respectively). Cesium TTF value was lower in the case of a weekly rain (0.1 against 0.2 Bq kg(fresh weight)(-1) by Bqm(-2)). TTF values were similar for twice-a-week rainfalls, whatever their intensity. They were higher for weekly rains of high intensity (between 0.3 and 0.75 Bq kg(fresh weight)(-1) by Bqm(-2) against 0.1-0.35 Bq kg(fresh weight)(-1) by Bq m(-2), depending on the radionuclides). TTF values attested that wash-off was more efficient when rainfalls lasted longer. Field loss on the top of the leaves was well described by an offset exponential model. The half-lives varied with rainfall characteristics from 4 days for cesium, strontium and barium to 20 days for tellurium. The offset value varied between 0% for tellurium (high intensity rainfalls) and 14% for cesium (medium intensity rainfalls). 相似文献
6.
Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study was performed to investigate the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 inside trains and platforms on subway lines 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. PM10, PM2.5, carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored using real-time monitoring instruments in the afternoons (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 inside trains were significantly higher than those measured on platforms and in ambient air reported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (Korea MOE). This study found that PM10 levels inside subway lines 1, 2 and 4 exceeded the Korea indoor air quality (Korea IAQ) standard of 150 μg/m3. The average percentage that exceeded the PM10 standard was 83.3% on line 1, 37.9% on line 2 and 63.1% on line 4, respectively. PM2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 μg/m3 to 158.2 μg/m3, which were found to be much higher than the ambient air PM2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 h arithmetic mean: 65 μg/m3). The reason for interior PM10 and PM2.5 being higher than those on platforms is due to subway trains in Korea not having mechanical ventilation systems to supply fresh air inside the train. This assumption was supported by the CO2 concentration results monitored in tube of subway that ranged from 1153 ppm to 3377 ppm. The percentage of PM2.5 in PM10 was 86.2% on platforms, 81.7% inside trains, 80.2% underground and 90.2% at ground track. These results indicated that fine particles (PM2.5) accounted for most of PM10 and polluted subway air. GLM statistical analysis indicated that two factors related to monitoring locations (underground and ground or inside trains and on platforms) significantly influence PM10 (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.230) and PM2.5 concentrations (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.172). Correlation analysis indicated that PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO were significantly correlated at p < 0.01 although correlation coefficients were different. The highest coefficient was 0.884 for the relationship between PM10 and PM2.5. 相似文献
7.
Metian M Warnau M Teyssié JL Bustamante P 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(6):543-550
In order to understand the bioaccumulation of 241Am and 134Cs in scallops living in sediments, the uptake and depuration kinetics of these two elements were investigated in the king scallop Pecten maximus exposed via seawater, food, or sediment under laboratory conditions. Generally, 241Am accumulation was higher and its retention was stronger than 134Cs. This was especially obvious when considering whole animals exposed through seawater with whole-body concentration factors (CF7d) of 62 vs. 1, absorption efficiencies (A0l) of 78 vs. 45 for seawater and biological half-lives (Tb½l) of 892 d vs. 22 d for 241Am and 134Cs, respectively. In contrast, following a single feeding with radiolabelled phytoplankton, the assimilation efficiency (AE) and Tb½l of 134Cs were higher than those of 241Am (AE: 28% vs. 20%; Tb½l: 14 d vs. 9 d). Among scallop tissues, the shells always contained the higher proportion of the total body burden of 241Am whatever the exposure pathway. In contrast, the whole soft parts presented the major fraction of whole-body burden of 134Cs, which was generally associated with muscular tissues. Our results showed that the two radionuclides have contrasting behaviors in scallops, in relation to their physico-chemical properties. 相似文献
8.
Establishment of 137Cs inventories is often used to gain information on soil stability. The latter is crucial in mountain systems, where ecosystem stability is tightly connected to soil stability. In-situ measurements of 137Cs in steep alpine environments are scarce. Most studies have been carried out in arable lands and with Germanium (Ge) detectors. Sodium Iodide (NaI) detector system is an inexpensive and easy to handle field instrument, but its validity on steep alpine environments has not been tested yet. In this study, a comparison of laboratory measurements with GeLi detector and in-situ measurements with NaI detector of 137Cs gamma soil radiation has been done in an alpine catchment with high 137Cs concentration (Urseren Valley, Switzerland). The aim of this study was to calibrate the in-situ NaI detector system for application on steep alpine slopes. Replicate samples from an altitudinal transect through the Urseren Valley, measured in the laboratory with a GeLi detector, showed a large variability in 137Cs activities at a meter scale. This small-scale heterogeneity determined with the GeLi detector is smoothed out by uncollimated in-situ measurements with the NaI detector, which provides integrated estimates of 137Cs within the field of view (3.1 m2) of each measurement. There was no dependency of 137Cs on pH, clay content and carbon content, but a close relationship was determined between measured 137Cs activities and soil moisture. Thus, in-situ data must be corrected for soil moisture. Close correlation (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.0001) was found for 137Cs activities (in Bq kg−1) estimated with in-situ (NaI detector) and laboratory (GeLi detector) methods. We thus concluded that the NaI detector system is a suitable tool for in-situ measurements in alpine environments. This paper describes the calibration of the NaI detector system for field application under elevated 137Cs activities originating from Chernobyl fallout. 相似文献
9.
The variability of the sorption properties (characterized by the distribution coefficient Kd) of a forest soil for Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc, and I were determined along a transect of 150 m in regular intervals of 3 m. Radioactive tracers were used to ensure trace concentrations of these elements. For comparison, for each soil sample the loss on ignition, as a measure of the soil organic matter content, and the pH were also determined. On average, the Kd values increase in the sequence Tc < I < Ru ≈ Co ≈ Zn ≈ Sr < Cd < Ce < Cs; the spatial variability in the sequence I < Zn ≈ Sr ≈ Co ≈ Cd ≈ Ru ≈ Tc < Cs, and I ≈ Ce < Tc. Correlation analysis revealed that, when moving along the transect, the Kd values for some elements changed in a similar, and for others in a dissimilar pattern. In a few cases a correlation between the pH or the loss on ignition and the Kd values was also present. The spatial structure of the data was examined by semivariograms. For the elements Co, Cd, Zn, and Sr, the Kd values showed an almost periodic behaviour along the transect, which is probably due to periodic changes of some soil properties in a forest with regularly spaced trees. 相似文献
10.
Vinichuk M Rosén K Johanson KJ Dahlberg A 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(4):386-392
An analysis of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus variegatus assessed whether cesium (133Cs and 137Cs) uptake was correlated with potassium (K) or rubidium (Rb) uptake. The question was whether intraspecific correlations of Rb, K and 133Cs mass concentrations with 137Cs activity concentrations in sporocarps were higher within, rather than among, different fungal species, and if genotypic origin of sporocarps within a population affected uptake and correlation. Sporocarps (n = 51) from a Swedish forest population affected by the fallout after the Chernobyl accident were studied. The concentrations were 31.9 ± 6.79 g kg−1 for K (mean ± SD, dwt), 0.40 ± 0.09 g kg−1 for Rb, 8.7 ± 4.36 mg kg−1 for 133Cs and 63.7 ± 24.2 kBq kg−1 for 137Cs. The mass concentrations of 133Cs correlated with 137Cs activity concentrations (r = 0.61). There was correlation between both 133Cs concentrations (r = 0.75) and 137Cs activity concentrations (r = 0.44) and Rb, but the 137Cs/133Cs isotopic ratio negatively correlated with Rb concentration. Concentrations of K and Rb were weakly correlated (r = 0.51). The 133Cs mass concentrations, 137Cs activity concentrations and 137Cs/133Cs isotopic ratios did not correlate with K concentrations. No differences between, within or, among genotypes in S. variegatus were found. This suggested the relationships between K, Rb, 133Cs and 137Cs in sporocarps of S. variegatus is similar to other fungal species. 相似文献
11.
An uptake parameter u (L kg−1 d−1) and a loss rate parameter k (d−1) were estimated for the patterns of accumulation and loss of 133Cs by three fish species following an experimental 133Cs addition into a pond in South Carolina, USA. These u and k parameters were compared to similar estimates for fish from other experimental ponds and from lakes that received 137Cs deposition from Chernobyl. Estimates of u from ponds and lakes declined with increasing potassium concentrations in the water column. Although loss rates were greater in the experimental ponds, the times required to reach maximum Cs concentrations in fish were similar between ponds and lakes, because ponds and lakes had similar retentions of Cs in the water column. The maximum Cs concentrations in fish were largely determined by initial Cs concentrations in the water column. These maximum concentrations in fish and the times required to reach these maxima are potentially useful indicators for assessments of risks to humans from fish consumption. 相似文献
12.
Legarda F Romero LM Herranz M Barrera M Idoeta R Valiño F Olondo C Caro A 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(6):589-597
In this study the total activity of 137Cs deposited per unit area over the Spanish peninsular territory was analysed using a 150 × 150 km2 mesh grid, with samples taken from 29 points. The deposited activities ranged between 251 and 6074 Bq/m2. A linear relationship was obtained between these values and the mean annual rainfall at each sampling point which allowed a map to be drawn, using GIS software, which shows the distribution of total deposited 137Cs activity across the Spanish mainland. At twelve of these sampling points the vertical migration profile of 137Cs was obtained. These profiles are separated into two groups with different behaviour, one of which includes clay and loam soils and the other containing sandy soils. For both groups of profiles the parameters of the convective-diffusive model, which describes the vertical migration of 137Cs in the soil, v (apparent convection velocity) and D (apparent diffusion coefficient) were calculated. 相似文献
13.
This paper presents an innovative, quantitative assessment of pollution avoidance attributable to environmental regulation enforced through integrated licensing, using Ireland's pharmaceutical-manufacturing sector as a case study. Emissions data reported by pharmaceutical installations were aggregated into a pollution trend using an Environmental Emissions Index (EEI) based on Lifecycle Assessment methodologies. Complete sectoral emissions data from 2001 to 2007 were extrapolated back to 1995, based on available data. Production volume data were used to derive a sectoral production index, and determine ‘no-improvement’ emission trends, whilst questionnaire responses from 20 industry representatives were used to quantify the contribution of integrated licensing to emission avoidance relative to these trends. Between 2001 and 2007, there was a 40% absolute reduction in direct pollution from 27 core installations, and 45% pollution avoidance relative to hypothetical ‘no-improvement’ pollution. It was estimated that environmental regulation avoided 20% of ‘no-improvement’ pollution, in addition to 25% avoidance under business-as-usual. For specific emissions, avoidance ranged from 14% and 30 kt a− 1 for CO2 to 88% and 598 t a− 1 for SOx. Between 1995 and 2007, there was a 59% absolute reduction in direct pollution, and 76% pollution avoidance. Pollution avoidance was dominated by reductions in emissions of VOCs, SOx and NOx to air, and emissions of heavy metals to water. Pollution avoidance of 35% was attributed to integrated licensing, ranging from between 8% and 2.9 t a− 1 for phosphorus emissions to water to 49% and 3143 t a− 1 for SOx emissions to air. Environmental regulation enforced through integrated licensing has been the major driver of substantial pollution avoidance achieved by Ireland's pharmaceutical sector — through emission limit values associated with Best Available Techniques, emissions monitoring and reporting requirements, and performance targets specified in environmental management plans. This compliant sector offers a positive, but not necessarily typical, case study of IPPC effectiveness. 相似文献
14.
Po Neng Chiang Ming Kuang Wang Pan Ming Huang Jeng Jong Wang 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(6):472-481
The dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption by soils, especially in the subtropics and tropics, as influenced by soil components are not fully understood. The rates and capacities of Cs and Sr sorption by selected subtropical and tropical soils in Taiwan were investigated to facilitate our understanding of the transformation and dynamics of Cs and Sr in soils developed under highly weathering intensity. The Langmuir isotherms and kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption on the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Long-Tan (Lt) and the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kuan-Shan (Kt), Mao-Lin (Tml) and Chi-Lo (Cl) soils were selected for this study. Air-dried soil (<2 mm) samples were reacted with of 7.5 × 10−5 to 1.88 × 10−3 M of CsCl (pH 4.0) or 1.14 × 10−4 to 2.85 × 10−3 M of SrCl2 (pH 4.0) solutions at 25 °C. The sorption maximum capacity (qm) of Cs by the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Lt soil (62.24 and 70.70 mmol Cs kg−1 soil) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those by the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kt and Cl soils (26.46 and 27.49 mmol Cs kg−1 soil in Kt soil and 34.83 and 29.96 mmol Cs kg−1 soil in Cl soil, respectively), however, the sorption maximum capacity values of the Lt and Tml soils did not show significant differences. The amounts of pyrophosphate extractable Fe (Fep) were correlated significantly with the Cs and Sr sorption capacities (for Cs sorption, r2 = 0.97, p < 1.0 × 10−4; for Sr sorption, r2 = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10−3). The partition coefficient of radiocesium sorbed on soil showed the following order: Cl soil ? Kt soil > Tml soil > Lt soil. It was due to clay minerals. The second-order kinetic model was applied to the Cs and Sr sorption data. The rate constant of Cs or Sr sorption on the four soils was substantiality increased with increasing temperature. This is attributable to the availability of more energy for bond breaking and bond formation brought about by the higher temperatures. The rate constant of Cs sorption at 308 K was 1.39-2.09 times higher than that at 278 K in the four soils. The activation energy of Cs and Sr sorbed by the four soils ranged from 7.2 to 16.7 kJ mol−1 and from 15.2 to 22.4 kJ mol−1, respectively. Therefore, the limiting step of the Cs+ or Sr2+ sorption on the soils was diffusion-controlled processes. The reactive components, which are significantly correlated with the Langmuir sorption maxima of Cs and Sr by these soils, substantially influenced their kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption. The data indicate that among components of the subtropical and tropical soils studied, short-range ordered sesquioxides especially Al- and Fe-oxides complexed with organics play important roles in influencing their capacity and dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption. 相似文献
15.
The present study was conducted to compare the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg−1 respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg−1 respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low 137Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations. 相似文献
16.
The evaluation and assessment of monitoring data generated over a period of 1983-2007 (25 years) of a nuclear facility is presented. Time trends of particulate radioactivity, correlation between 137Cs in discharge canal seawater and station discharged activity and correlation of 137Cs, 60Co, and 131I in marine species such as sponge and Nerita (gastropod) and corresponding discharged activity are discussed. The concentration of 137Cs and 131I in seawater versus biota are discussed. A good correlation between 137Cs in seawater and 137Cs in liquid waste discharged was observed (R2 = 0.8, p < 0.001). Similarly, correlation was good for Nerita and discharged concentration of 137Cs, 131I and 60Co (R2 = 0.55-0.73 and p < 0.001). The measurements over the years indicated that there is no accumulation of radionuclides in either the terrestrial or aquatic environments. The mean 137Cs decreased from the pre-operational levels: 7.0-3.6 Bq kg−1 in soil, 0.91-0.016 Bq L−1 in milk and 0.28-0.036 Bq kg−1 in vegetation. Similarly, the mean 90Sr in these matrixes decreased from 3.9 to 0.26 Bq kg−1; 0.37-0.011 Bq L−1 and 0.34-0.022 Bq kg−1 respectively. Cesium-137 of about 700 μBq m−3 was measured in the air filter disks during 1986 and there was a decrease of three orders of magnitude in concentration over the 25 years. The evaluation of environmental data indicated that the radionuclide concentrations and potential impacts, in terms of effective dose to the members of public, have significantly reduced since 1969. 相似文献
17.
Rosén K Vinichuk M Nikolova I Johanson K 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(2):178-184
We examined the long-term effects of a single application of potassium (K) fertilizer (100 kg K ha−1) in 1992 on 137Cs uptake in a forest ecosystem in central Sweden. 137Cs activity concentrations were determined in three low-growing perennial shrubs, heather (Calluna vulgaris), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), and in four wild fungal species (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Lactarius rufus, Rozites caperata and Suillus variegatus). Uptake of 137Cs by plants and fungi growing on K-fertilized plots 17 years after application of the K fertilizer was significantly lower than in corresponding species growing in a non-fertilized control area. The 137Cs activity concentration was 21-58% lower in fungal sporocarps and 40-61% lower in plants in the K-fertilized area compared with the control. Over the study period, this decrease in 137Cs activity concentration was more consistent in plants than in fungi, although the effect was statistically significant and strongly pronounced in all species. The effect of K fertilization in reducing 137Cs activity concentration in fungi and plants decreased over time but was still significant in 2009, 17 years after fertilization. This suggests that application of K fertilizer to forests is an appropriate and effective long-term measure to decrease radiocaesium accumulation in plants and fungi. 相似文献
18.
Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr in undisturbed soil was studied in large lysimeters three and four years after contamination, as part of a larger European project studying radionuclide soil–plant interactions. The lysimeters were installed in greenhouses with climate control and contaminated with radionuclides in an aerosol mixture, simulating fallout from a nuclear accident. The soil types studied were loam, silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand. The soils were sampled to 30–40 cm depth in 1997 and 1998. The total deposition of 137Cs ranged from 24 to 45 MBq/m2, and of 90Sr from 23 to 52 MBq/m2. It was shown that migration of 137Cs was fastest in sandy loam, and of 90Sr fastest in sandy loam and loam. The slowest migration of both nuclides was found in loamy sand. Retention within the upper 5 cm was 60% for both 137Cs and 90Sr in sandy loam, while in loamy sand it was 97 and 96%, respectively. In 1998, migration rates, calculated as radionuclide weighted median depth (migration centre) divided by time since deposition were 1.1 cm/year for both 137Cs and 90Sr in sandy loam, 0.8 and 1.0 cm/year, respectively, in loam, 0.6 and 0.8 cm/year in silt loam, and 0.4 and 0.6 cm/year for 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively, in loamy sand. A distinction is made between short-term migration, caused by events soon after deposition and less affected by soil type, and long-term migration, more affected by e.g. soil texture. Three to four years after deposition, effects of short-term migration is still dominant in the studied soils. 相似文献
19.
Natural radionuclides, such as 210Po and 210Pb were measured in the water samples collected from six stations at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Results for 210Po and 210Pb in dissolved and particulate phases have showed the difference in distribution and chemical behavior. The fluctuation activities of 210Po and 210Pb depend on wave action, geology and degree of fresh water input occurring at study areas and probably due to different sampling dates. The distribution coefficient, Kd, values of 210Po and 210Pb ranged from 2.0 × 103 l g−1 to 265.15 × 105 l g−1, and from 3.0 × 103 l g−1 to 558.16 × 105 l g−1, respectively. High Kd values of 210Po and 210Pb indicated that a strong adsorption of 210Po and 210Pb onto suspended particles, and the sinking of both nuclides on the seabed at study locations were controlled by the characteristics of suspended particles. 相似文献
20.
Jerzy W. Mietelski Sergiy Dubchak Teresa Anielska 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(9):706-711
Fruiting bodies of fungi belonging to more than 70 species were collected within a few thousand square meter area of one forest during 2006 and 2007. The soil profile was collected to check the cumulative deposition of 137Cs, which was relatively high, equal to 64 ± 2 kBq/m2 (calculated for October 2006). The majority of this activity was in the first 6 cm. Fruitbodies were analyzed for radiocesium and 40K by means of gamma-spectrometry. The highest 137Cs activity was 54.1 ± 0.7 kBq/kg (dry weight) for a sample of Lactarius helvus collected in 2006. The results for 2006 were higher than those for 2007. In a few cases the traces of short-lived (T1/2 = 2.06 a) 134Cs were still found in samples. The importance of mycorrhizal fungi for radiocesium accumulation is confirmed. The differences in activity among the species are discussed in relation to observations and predictions from previous studies, where the change in relative accumulation between fruiting bodies of different species was at least partially explained by the differences in the depth of the mycelium localization in a litter/soil system. It is concluded that in some cases, such as Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius, this prediction is fulfilled and therefore this explanation confirmed. 相似文献