UV-Fenton体系处理准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物

采用紫外(UV)耦合Fenton反应产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中的难降解污染物.考察了初始pH值、双氧水和二价铁(Fe~(2+))投加量对污染物去除效能的影响,并采用醇类猝灭实验和三维荧光技术解析了体系产生的主要活性氧物种及其腐殖质的降解机制.结果表明,UV-Fenton体系可协同、有效地处理准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中的污染物.增大双氧水和二价铁投加量可提高体系降解有机物的能力与反应速率,初始pH值为3.0时有机物降解效果最佳,中性与碱性环境均会显著抑制体系对有机物的降解.在H_2O_2投加量为0.084 mol·L~(-1),Fe~(2+)投加量为0.056 mol·L~(-1),初始pH值为3.0的条件下,渗滤液尾水COD去除率与反应速率常数最终分别为77.22%和0.04679.经UV-Fenton体系处理后,得益于体系主要的活性氧物种·OH与O■对渗滤液尾水中芳香类有机物质的有效降解,同时,可见区荧光峰值降低了51.00%,紫外区荧光峰值先增大后减小.因此,渗滤液中大分子物质大幅减少,小分子物质相对增多.     

臭氧氧化反渗透浓缩垃圾渗滤液动力学

采用臭氧氧化法处理经反渗透膜处理后的浓缩垃圾渗滤液,并建立了氧化降解反应动力学模型.结果表明,氧化降解初始反应速率主要与初始pH、臭氧投量、反应温度和初始COD有关.在pH 8.0,温度30℃,臭氧投量5.02 g/h,反应时间90 min的条件下,反渗透浓缩渗滤液的COD去除率达到67.6%;并且在pH为2.0～8....     

Fenton氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用Fenton氧化法处理长沙市黑糜峰垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液原液,考察了影响COD去除率的各种因素,包括初始pH值、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及投加方式等,试验结果表明:在初始pH值为3、FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.5%、双氧水投加量为18 mL/L、反应时间为100 min、投加方式为3次投加的条件下,可使垃圾渗滤液原液的COD去除率达40%左右,并提高了生化比,为后续生物处理改善了条件.     

紫外辐射H2O2与PMS氧化准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水

采用紫外（UV）活化双氧水（H₂O₂）和过一硫酸盐（PMS）产生活性氧物种降解准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机污染物.结果表明,紫外辐射双氧水（UV-H₂O₂）和紫外辐射过一硫酸盐（UV-PMS）体系对有机污染物的降解相比于单独体系效果显著.初始pH值和氧化剂投加量能够显著影响2种体系的降解效能,增加氧化剂投加量能够一定程度提高2种体系对渗滤液尾水中有机物的去除;2种体系均在酸性条件下效果较好,初始pH值的升高对2种体系过程有机物降解有抑制作用并且对UV-H₂O₂体系的抑制尤为显著.在最优条件下（初始pH值为3,氧化剂投量为0.084mol/L）,UV-H₂O₂与UV-PMS体系处理后出水COD去除率分别达到了72.09%和56.22%.另外,UV-H₂O₂体系中主要活性氧物种是羟基自由基,而UV-PMS体系中主要是由羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基的共同作用.紫外-可见光谱与三维荧光光谱表明两体系中均能降解渗滤液尾水中难降解芳香类有机物质,并且UV-PMS较UV-H₂O₂体系对腐殖质的反应速率更快,但是两种体系对渗滤液尾水中腐殖质的降解途径存在显著差异.研究结果可为光化学氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物提供参考.     

微波强化铁碳-双氧水体系处理填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液研究

为了探讨微波(MW)/铁碳(Fe-C)/H_2O_2类芬顿反应对填埋场渗滤液膜滤浓缩液(简称"渗滤液浓缩液")中难降解有机物,系统研究了双氧水投量、Fe-C投量、初始pH值、微波输出功率和反应时间对浓缩液中有机污染物的去除规律,通过类比实验研究了MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系的反应协同作用;此外,采用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱表征了浓缩液中溶解性有机物的分子结构变化;最后,利用SEM-EDS和XRD等表征对反应前后的Fe-C材料的催化机理进行了解析.结果表明,在双氧水投量为10 mL·L~(-1),Fe-C投量0.8 g·L~(-1),初始pH值为3,微波输出功率为450 W,反应时间为12 min时,其COD、腐殖质和色度的去除率达到了70.06%、94.61%和98.86%.与此同时,控制实验表明MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2具有较强的协同作用,且对有机物的降解效果远好于其他体系.经过MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系处理后,浓缩液中溶解性有机物的芳香性程度和腐殖质缩合度逐渐降低,并且腐殖质等大分子难降解有机物大幅去除,可生化性(BOD/COD值)也大幅提升.一方面,Fe-C材料包含了多种铁基氧化物等活性物质可与H_2O_2形成非均相芬顿反应;另一方面,在酸性条件下铁缓释淋滤产生的铁离子会与H_2O_2形成芬顿反应.并且,微波辐射作用可一定程度上强化上述过程,从而加速了有机物的去除.因此,MW/Fe-C/H_2O_2体系能够快速高效的对渗滤液浓缩液进行预处理,研究为高浓度有机废水的处理提供了借鉴.     

Fenton法处理中年垃圾渗滤液双氧水利用率及处理效率

采用Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水,对影响双氧水利用率及CODCr去除率的各种因素,进行了研究。结果表明:Fenton法氧化处理中年垃圾渗滤液生化出水的最佳初始pH值为7,H2O2/Fe2+为4∶1,双氧水的经济投加量为0.05 mol/L,反应时间为3.5 h,混合催化剂可提高双氧水的利用率。CODCr去除率可达80.5%,双氧水利用率为153.9%,处理出水可达到垃圾渗滤液的二级排放标准。     

UV/H2O2光化学氧化降解对氯苯酚废水的反应动力学

研究了UV/H2O2体系降解对氯苯酚废水的过程及动力学结果表明,反应降解速率与双氧水加入量、污染物初始浓度及载气种类有关.在双氧水理论投加量一半的情况下,通入氧气或空气,总酚的降解率可达到96%,CODCr去除率接近50%.反应体系加入载气,显著影响污染物的去除率.在本实验中,总酚降解为拟一级反应.     

GAC-O3/H2O2体系去除准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中难降解有机物的研究

为了降低准好氧矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物浓度和提高体系可生化性,构建了GAC(粒状活性炭)-O_3/H_2O_2体系催化降解矿化垃圾床渗滤液尾水中有机物.同时,考察了体系O_3、GAC和H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值对GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理渗滤液尾水的影响,并使用分子量分布、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光光谱解析了难降解有机物在GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系的转化机制.结果表明:在GAC投加量为10 g·L-1,O_3投加量为32.16 mg·min-1,H_2O_2投加量为3 m L·L-1,初始pH值为5的条件下,反应20 min后,其渗滤液尾水的COD和UV245分别从700.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.488下降到393.85 mg·L~(-1)和0.244,COD和UV254的去除率分别为43.80%和50.00%.经GAC-O_3/H_2O_2体系处理后,得益于含芳香环有机物的有效降解,渗滤液尾水中大分子有机物(大于50 k Da)明显减少,分子量小于1 k Da的有机物比例增多.与此同时,紫外区类富里酸荧光区及可见光区类富里酸荧光区峰值也大幅降低,其去除率分别为70.20%和58.69%,B/C从0.04增加到0.35,这也使得废水可生化性大幅提高.     

UV/Fenton光催化氧化降解对氯苯酚废水反应动力学

研究了UV Fenton体系降解对氯苯酚废水的过程及动力学 .研究表明 ,反应降解速率主要与双氧水加入量、污染物初始浓度、亚铁离子浓度、pH值及载气种类有关 .在四分之一双氧水理论投加量的情况下 ,通入氧气 ,总酚的降解率可达到 98% ,CODcr去除率 80 %以上 .反应体系通入氧气 ,可显著提高污染物的去除率 .建立了CODcrUV Fenton降解的动力学模型 ,结果表明 ,该速率方程和实验数据拟合较好 .     

FeOOH催化降解苯酚的性能研究

用沉淀法制备FeOOH,以此为催化剂采用非均相Fenton高级氧化技术降解苯酚。对催化剂的投加量、H2O2的投加量、初始pH对苯酚去除的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,pH=3.0、双氧水的投加量为19.6mmol·L-1,催化剂的投加量为2.0 g·L-1,室温下反应10 min,苯酚的去除率可达90%以上。非均相Fenton氧化法降解苯酚能有效拓宽反应溶液pH值范围,对废水的苯酚的去除具有广阔的应用前景。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.