火龙果果酒酿造工艺技术

研究了以火龙果为原料生产发酵型火龙果果酒的工艺.在单因素试验中,分别以温度、糖度、柠檬酸的添加量及接种量对火龙果果酒发酵特性的影响作了试验.为了进一步优化发酵工艺,选择影响成品酒风味的诸多因素中最大的三个因素--糖度、酸度、接种量做三因素三水平的正交试验.结果表明,柠檬酸添加量对火龙果果酒的发酵影响最大,其次是接种量,最后是糖度.最适控制条件为柠檬酸添加量5g/L、接种量0.20g/L、糖度25%.经过发酵而成的火龙果果酒的酒色诱人、口感醇和、风味独特,具有丰富的营养价值.     

产菊粉酶芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化

采用液体摇瓶培养方法,探讨了碳源、氮源、pH值、培养温度等各种因素对巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)分泌菊粉酶能力的影响.通过正交试验对主要影响因素进行优化,结果表明,最适产酶发酵条件为:菊粉30.0g/L、酵母膏7.0g/L、NaCl 5.0g/L、K2HPO4·3H2O 3.0g/L,初始pH 6.0,250mL发酵三角瓶装液量为50mL,30℃,160r/min振荡培养2d,酶活力达到最高,为2.354U/mL,比优化前提高了1.43倍.     

毛木耳产漆酶发酵条件的研究

以毛木耳为产酶菌,以CMC为唯一碳源,探讨了不同培养条件对毛木耳产漆酶的影响。结果表明,在最适温度为27℃、pH值为6．0、接种量为10％、装液量为90mL／250mL、摇床转速为180rpm、培养天数为6d时,产酶活力最大。以各个因子的最佳梯度做优化培养,发酵液中的漆酶活力高达70．76IU／mL。     

一株新型饲料用酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件研究

从土壤中筛选出20余株产中性植酸酶活性的菌株,对一株产中性植酸酶活性较高的绿脓假单胞菌(Phy10)进行了发酵条件优化.该菌株在pH值6.0、温度30℃、装液量100.0mL、接种量7.0mL、碳源为可溶性淀粉和氮源为NaNO2条件下产酶活性最大,优化后酶活可达到231.2U/mL,比未优化前提高了2.16倍.     

紫贻贝消化腺淀粉酶的提取及部分性质研究

以紫贻贝为原料,从其消化腺中提取淀粉酶,确定其最佳提取条件,并探讨其部分酶学性质。采用缓冲液提取法,通过单因素试验考察提取温度、提取溶剂的pH和提取时间三个因素对紫贻贝消化腺中淀粉酶活性的影响。用平行对照试验来研究该酶的最适催化温度以及各种离子对其活性的影响。结果表明,该酶的最佳提取条件为温度20℃、pH值3.0-4.0、提取时间45min;最适反应温度为35℃,EDTA、Mg2+、Zn2+对该酶有抑制作用,而Ca2+、Mn2+对该酶有促进作用。     

桑皮胶质绿色降解方法

桑皮纤维作为天然纤维的新品种,是"绿色纺织品"或"生态纺织品"的典型产品原料,研究桑皮纤维具有重大的理论和实际意义。探讨了桑皮胶质绿色降解方法,探寻出温度、时间、pH值、接种量等条件与残胶率的关系,再通过正交试验确定其最佳工艺条件为:温度37℃、时间22h、pH7.3、接种量12.5%,此时残胶率为13.4%。对胶质降解后的桑皮纤维进行长度、细度、断裂强度性能测试,其长度为35—45mm,细度为3.6—4.0dt,断裂强度为3.71—5.07cN/dt。     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

响应面法优化香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气工艺

为优化香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气工艺,实现对香蕉秸秆的资源化利用,该研究首先采用单因素试验考察了起始pH、发酵温度、接种物浓度3个因素对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵总产气量的影响,在此基础上,通过Box-Behnken试验设计及三因素三水平的响应面分析法,对厌氧发酵工艺进行优化。研究结果表明,根据试验数据建立的二次多项式数学模型具有高度显著性(p 0. 000 1),相关系数R~2=0. 996 1,说明该模型拟合度、精确度高,数据合理。通过上述试验研究,得到的最佳工艺条件为:起始pH为7. 87,发酵温度为39. 45℃,接种物浓度为72. 61%。在此条件下,香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵总产气量的预测值为18 017. 20mL,试验值为17 816. 40mL,二者相对偏差为1. 11%。因此,所得模型能够很好地优化香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵的条件并预测总产气量,可为提高香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产气量及发酵效率提供一定的参考。     

高效降氰菌的筛选及其特性研究

本研究从电镀废水中分离出了三株能够高效降解自由氰根的菌种，并对这三株菌的生长曲线和影响其降解氰化物的因素进行了研究。结果表明，这三株菌分别属于青霉属、木霉属和酵母属，并命名为M3、Mw4和Ms；其最大生长量的时间分别为15、20和18小时；当CN^-初始浓度为80mg／L时，M3菌16h内降解氰化物的最优条件是pH为5-7、温度为20℃～30℃、摇床转速为130rpm、接种量为10％。在此条件下，M3菌将80mg/L CN^-降解到0．22mg/L，降氰率达到98．9％。该研究结果可为微生物在处理含氰废水的实际应用提供依据。     

吹脱法去除采气废水中氨氮的影响因素研究

研究以四川地区采气废水经低温蒸馏处理后的水样作为研究对象,其氨氮的质量浓度为51.6mg/L,通过正交试验和单因素试验较为系统的探讨了曝气量、温度、pH值等相关因素对吹脱法去除采气废水中氨氮的影响。此外,在大量的试验数据中选取了较为适宜的处理条件,进行了一系列验证实验,试验结果表明在曝气量为2L/min、pH值为11、温度为80℃条件下,氨氮去除率可达90%以上,吹脱法处理采气废水中氨氮能够满足达标排放要求。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.