活性艳蓝X-BR降解菌的筛选

从某印染厂废水排放出口的污泥中分离到一株活性艳蓝X-BR染料高效降解菌LPY68-14,经生理生化鉴定,该菌为埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.).研究了影响菌株LPY68-14降解效果的因素,实验结果表明:在缺氧、质量分数为0.2%葡萄糖为外加碳源、温度37℃、接种量4 mL、pH 7的最佳条件下,质量浓度为30 mg/L的活性艳蓝X-BR经菌株LPY68-14处理24 h后的降解率可达80%;当活性艳蓝X-BR质量浓度为100～400 mg/L时,该菌处理48 h后的降解率可稳定在70%左右.     

一株对二甲苯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性

以对二甲苯为惟—碳源和能源,从某石化废水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到一株对二甲苯降解菌株.生理生化实验、16S rDNA基因鉴定结果表明,该菌属于假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).通过对降解过程的动力学分析可知,该菌对底物的降解过程符合零级动力学特征,在初始对二甲苯质量浓度为800 mg/L时,降解速率常数最大,达18.43 mg/(L·h).在降解温度为30 ℃、废水pH为7.5、摇床转速为150 r/min的条件下,将5 mL菌液投加至32 mL对二甲苯质量浓度分别为840 mg/L和830 mg/L的焦化废水和石化废水中,降解84 h后基本无对二甲苯检出.     

雌激素降解菌

美国德克萨斯州A＆M大学的Kung-Hui Chu及同事从某废水处理厂鉴定出一株雌激素类物质高效降解菌。在已处理废水中可检出有毒的内分泌干扰物质如雌激素类物质，这促使研究者们进一步探索如何使该类物质更有效地被降解。该研究小组从某废水处理厂的污泥中分离出14株不同的可降解17β-雌二醇的菌株，并通过基因测序对其进行了鉴定。     

共基质和无机盐对原油降解菌株降解原油效果的影响

从大港油田石油污染土壤中分离筛选出1株原油降解菌X3,对原油的降解率达72．6％,经鉴定X3菌株属于假单胞菌属（Psedomonas）。利用生物摇床对X3菌株降解原油的实验发现,共代谢基质α-乳糖对X3菌株降解原油有促进作用,可使原油降解率提高到80．3％;而葡萄糖和蔗糖对X3菌株降解原油有抑制作用。Fe2＋对X3菌株的降解原油也有促进作用,在α-乳糖和Fe2＋的共同作用下,X3菌株对原油的降解率可达82．3％;K＋和Mg2＋对X3菌株降解原油则有抑制作用。在FeSO4质量浓度为0．2～0．3mg／L时,X3菌株对原油的降解率最高,FeSO4质量浓度继续增加,X3菌株对原油的降解率下降。     

高效石油降解菌的筛选及其在油田废水深度处理中的应用

从石油污染的土壤和水体中富集、分离到12株高效石油降解菌,各单菌株的降油率为40．3％～57．6％,其中O—8—3、O—28—2和O—46菌可耐受40℃的温度和1．5％的盐度。经初步鉴定,这3株菌分别为假单胞菌(Pseudomonass sp．)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilluss sp．)和不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp．)。与单-O-8-3菌株相比,0-8-3／O-28-2／O-46混合菌株对石油的降解率可提高20．1％,可耐受石油类初始质量浓度从2000mg／L提高到5000mg／L。通过在实验室接种O—8—3／O—28—2／O—46混合菌株于生物反应器中处理胜利油田采油废水的试验结果表明,72h内石油污染物的降解率达96．9％,比接种自然细菌群落的降解率提高了60．7％。     

一株双酚A降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其生长、降解条件

从沈阳北部污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化、分离及筛选得到一株以双酚A为唯一碳源的高效降解菌株D-17,通过菌体形态、生理生化反应特性及16S r DNA基因测序分析对其进行了鉴定,并研究了该菌株的生长及双酚A降解条件。菌种鉴定结果表明,该菌为乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)。实验结果表明:该菌株的生长及降解双酚A的最适条件为溶液pH 7.0,接种量10%,摇床转速150 r/min,降解温度30℃,降解时间5d;当双酚A初始质量浓度为60 mg/L时,双酚A降解率达52.62%;投加蛋白胨后,双酚A降解率提高至57.15%。     

萘降解菌的筛选及其对多环芳烃的降解

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出一株萘降解菌N-3,进行了菌种鉴定及萘双加氧酶基因(nah)验证,并考察了该菌对不同种类多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解能力及降解过程中脱氢酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),含有nah基因;当分别对液体培养基中质量浓度为50 mg/L的萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴降解84 h时,菌株N-3对萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴的降解率分别为28.81%,34.83%,36.65%,27.50%,23.47%。菌株N-3的脱氢酶活性与其对不同PAHs的降解率呈一定的正相关性。该菌不仅能有效降解萘,且对其他种类PAHs也有一定降解作用。     

长链烷烃降解菌C6的鉴定及性能研究

从含油活性污泥中筛选出一株长链烷烃降解菌C6,进行了菌种鉴定,考察了该菌对正十六烷及柴油和石蜡的混合物的降解能力,并对由菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂进行了鉴定。实验结果表明:该菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacterbaumannii);对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的正十六烷降解48 h后,降解率接近100%,降解动力学曲线的拟合结果符合Monod模型;对液体培养基中质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的柴油和石蜡的混合物降解96 h后,降解率达93%;菌株C6产生的生物表面活性剂经FTIR分析鉴定为磷脂类表面活性剂,排油圈直径为60 mm,临界胶束质量浓度约为25 mg/L,可将水的表面张力降至27.09 mN/m。     

两株柴油降解菌的性能研究

以0#柴油为惟一碳源,对两株柴油降解菌DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌降低液体表面张力的能力、柴油降解动力学及表面活性物质成分进行了研究。实验结果表明:DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌在生长过程中均可产生糖脂类生物表面活性物质,使发酵液表面张力降低;在11d的发酵时间内,DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌使发酵液中柴油的质量浓度从48.72m g/L分别降至16.64m g/L和9.17m g/L,柴油降解率分别为65.84%和81.18%,柴油降解速率分别为5.16m g/(L.d)和5.96m g/(L.d)。发酵液表面张力的降低与柴油的降解效果有显著的相关性。DS-Ⅲ菌在疏水性、对柴油的生长适应性和柴油降解速率等方面比DS-Ⅰ菌更好。     

镰刀菌HJ01对对氯苯酚的降解特性

采用实验室分离的一株镰刀菌HJ01,以对氯苯酚(4-CP)为降解底物,以蔗糖为外加碳源,考察了蔗糖质量浓度、降解温度、初始pH对4-CP降解效果的影响,初步探讨了镰刀菌HJ01对4-CP的降解动力学和降解机理.实验结果表明:该菌株能以4-CP为惟一碳源和能源生长;在外加蔗糖为碳源,蔗糖质量浓度为3 g/L、降解温度为30℃、初始pH为8的条件下,50 mg/L4-CP能在6 d内被完全降解.以4-CP为惟一碳源和外加蔗糖下的降解动力学分别符合Haldane模型和一级动力学方程.     

微生物降解有机磷农药的研究进展

利用微生物及其酶降解有机磷农药行之有效。以乐果、甲基对硫磷、甲胺磷、杀螟硫磷和毒死蜱为有机磷农药的代表,从可降解这些有机磷农药的微生物的筛选、基因工程菌的构建、生物降解酶的研究及其应用3个方面进行了综述,指出了未来的研究方向。     

高效降解菌处理高浓度焦化废水

为了解决高浓度焦化废水不经稀释无法直接处理的问题,将HENGJIE高效混合菌制剂和粉末活性炭加入O1AO2废水处理系统中,进行焦化废水的中试试验。试验结果表明,该方法可对未经稀释的高浓度焦化废水直接进行处理,且系统启动快,菌种对污染物的降解效率较高。在O1段水力停留时间为20h、A段水力停留时间为35h、O2段水力停留时间为25h的条件下,经过20d的连续运行后,使进水COD由5435．7mg／L（平均值）降至出水COD369．3mg／L（平均值）,COD去除率为93．17％;使进水中NH3-N平均质量浓度由67．80mg／L降至出水中NH3-N平均质量浓度1．04mg／L,NH3-N去除率为98．18％,废水色度为100～200。除废水COD与色度外,其他检测项目均可达到废水一级排放标准。     

生物强化技术处理难降解有机污染物的研究进展

阐述了生物强化技术的原理,概括了旧内外有关生物强化技术处理难降解有机污染物的应用实例及效果。介绍了生物强化技术应用中有关高效降解菌和生物强化菌剂的研究与开发现状,进一步讨论了应用生物强化技术的主要控制参数,展望了生物强化技术的发展方向。     

高效石油烃降解菌的筛选及其对原油污染土壤的修复

从陕北原油污染土壤中筛选出7株高效石油烃降解菌,其中黄杆菌属CC-2、不动细菌属SC-5、假单胞菌属SC-6表现出较强的石油烃降解能力。通过单因素试验和正交试验考察总石油烃(TPH)降解效果的影响因素,得出各因素对TPH降解率影响程度的大小次序为:溶液p H降解温度降解菌接种量摇床转速,且在降解菌接种量为7%(φ)、溶液p H为7、降解温度为30℃、摇床转速为150 r/min的最适处理条件下,菌株SC-6的TPH降解率可达61.23%。原油污染土壤生物修复实验结果表明:高效石油烃降解菌的投加有利于土壤TPH降解率和酶活性的提高;"菌株SC-6+营养剂"组修复处理42 d后的TPH降解率可达57.59%。     

4株正十六烷降解菌的降解能力及代谢动力学特性

从处理采油废水的活性污泥中分离出4株产生物表面活性剂的正十六烷高效降解菌。菌株A14和B45为非脱羧勒克菌（Leclercia adecarboxylata）,菌株C28和A27为肠杆菌（Enterobacter sp.）。在NaCl质量浓度15~25 g/L、pH 6.0~7.0、接种量10%（φ）,培养温度37 ℃,摇床转速160 r/min、正十六烷体积分数0.30%的条件下降解16 d后,菌株A14、B45、C28和A27的正十六烷降解率分别为93.7%,87.8%,73.3%,65.7%。4株菌所产生的生物表面活性剂均为磷脂类表面活性剂。菌体生长满足逻辑斯蒂模型,正十六烷的降解满足一级反应动力学模型。菌株C28、A27的生长速率快于菌株A14、B45,菌株A14、B45的正十六烷降解速率快于菌株C28、A27。     

外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水

采用外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水,废水中的有机物被生物接触氧化池填料上形成生物膜的微生物降解,然后通过中空纤维超滤膜进行过滤,出水中油的质量浓度在1m g/L以下,悬浮物的质量浓度在3m g/L以下。考察了细菌的筛选、生物膜的培养驯化及压力、温度等对膜通量的影响。实验结果表明,筛选出的3株高效原油降解菌有很好的除油效果;生物膜经培养驯化成熟后,生物接触氧化池内细菌浓度为1×106个/mL;膜通量随压力和温度的适当提高而增加,适宜的操作压力为0.08M Pa,温度为20~28℃。分别用超滤水反冲洗、稀碱、稀酸、杀菌剂(如N aC lO溶液)和清水冲洗被污染的超滤膜,可使膜通量恢复到新膜的98%以上;在生物除油工序后增加沉淀池,膜污染可减少约7.77%。     

Distribution of Poly(β-propiolactone) Aerobic Degrading Microorganisms in Different Environments

The distribution of degading microorganisms of high molecular weight poly(-propiolactone) (PPL), whose individual structural units are similar to those of poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(€-caprolactone) (PCL), was examined. Despite the fact that PPL is a chemosynthetic polymer, many kinds of PPL-degrading microorganisms were found to be distributed as resident populations widely in natural environments. A total of 77 strains of PPL-degrading microorganisms was isolated. From standard physiological and biochemical tests, at least 41 strains were referred to as Bacillus species. Microbial degradation of fibrous PPL proceeded rapidly in some enrichment cultures but was not as complete as that of PHB. Most of the isolated PPL-degrading microorganisms were determined to be PCL degraders and/or PHB degraders. Therefore, it can be assumed that mostly PPL is recognized by the microorganisms as PHB or another natural substrate of the same type as which PCL is regarded. Microbial degradation of PPL was confirmed by some Bacillus strains from type culture collections. The similarity of microbial degradation between PPL and PCL was found to be very close.     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.