多炉一塔脱硫工艺取消增压风机的可行性研究

多炉一塔脱硫工艺中通常设置增压风机,但在工程实践中增压风机存在着喘振、失速、高能：耗等诸多运行问题。以某自备电厂3台220t／h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫工程为例,针对多炉一塔湿法脱硫工艺是否设置增压风机,从性能、能耗、运行维护成本等方面对设计方案进行了经济技术比较,并利用流场模拟对烟气系统进行了优化,最终通过引风机的改造替代了增压风机的设置,为小型燃煤电厂湿法脱硫工艺的系统设计提供参考。     

喷雾干燥脱硫技术介绍

简要介绍了喷雾干燥脱硫技术的工艺原理、特点、流程及其在燃煤锅炉烟气SO2控制中的应用。     

烟气海水脱硫技术的研发与应用

简述了北京龙源环保工程有限公司依托863项目自主研发的大型燃煤电站烟气海水脱硫成套技术及其基本原理和工艺流程,详细介绍了该项目的研究内容、步骤,及其研发技术在示范工程中的应用。该技术的成功研发与应用对我国海滨燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫工艺和设备的国产化,降低投资和运行成本具有重要意义。     

浅谈FCL氨法脱硫技术在小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用

以FCL氨法脱硫技术在太仓保利协鑫热电有限公司小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫中的应用为例,阐述了氨法脱硫的工艺原理、流程、工程实践中出现的问题及解决方案,并对其进行了技术经济性分析。     

采用花岗岩水膜除尘器燃煤锅炉脱硫和除尘的工艺改造

为了使现有花岗岩水膜除尘器的燃煤锅炉烟气净化达标排放,在不更换水膜除尘器的前提下,探讨和比较了后继烟气吸收装置喷淋塔和鼓泡塔的脱硫和除尘机理,提出改进措施。该技术具有工艺流程简单,建设和运行成本低,适用于由于历史原因仍有相当大数量使用的花岗岩水膜除尘器的烟气净化工艺路线的改造。     

嵩屿电厂烟气海水脱硫工艺及特点分析

介绍了厦门嵩屿电厂4×300 MW燃煤机组烟气海水脱硫系统所选用的工艺,分析了海水FGD系统的主要技术特点,为日益增多的同类型脱硫装置的工艺设计与设备选型提供一定的借鉴.     

湿法脱硫系统经济运行对策研究

随着脱硫装置的大量投运,燃煤硫分、运行人员操作水平、检修人员技术能力都直接影响着脱硫系统的安全性和经济性。结合钱电公司的运行实际,当燃煤硫分和负荷的变化,原烟气的SO2浓度低于2300mg/m3,采用2泵运行;SO2浓度超过2300mg/m3时,采用3泵运行,脱硫效率均能达到设计要求。为此,降低脱硫系统入口SO2浓度是提高优化运行的关键。脱硫系统在线仪表的准确性和数据的有效性,直接关系到脱硫系统的考核和脱硫电价的补助,对脱硫系统的安全、经济运行起到至关重要的作用。     

一种简易成熟的烟气脱硫方法

山东潍坊亚星集团有限公司(简称潍坊亚星)所属化工集团是以氯产品为主的化工企业，其25kt规模的PVC生产工艺为乙炔法，每年产生40kt(干基)电石渣。1993年由国家计委牵头，中日双方签署“燃煤锅炉烟气简易脱硫示范装置“合作协议，日方三菱重工业株式会社、川崎重工业株式会社和千代田化工建设株式会社分别与中方山东潍坊亚星集团、广西南宁化工集团和重庆长寿化工总厂合作，采用简易石灰石-石膏法进行燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫，脱硫剂为乙炔法生产PVC过程产生的电石渣。其     

蒸汽输送半干半湿法烟气脱硫剂/脱硫灰的研究

半干半湿法烟气脱硫工艺采用锅炉蒸汽作为脱硫剂和循环脱硫灰的输送介质,在分析所输送物料的粒度分布、化学成分以及输送过程中物料性质变化的基础上,自行研制了1套蒸汽输送系统。对这种蒸汽输送系统进行了试验研究,结果表明,在蒸汽压力为0.8MPa,温度为200℃时,文丘里喷射器入料口的真空度最高达0.02MPa。该系统可同时输送石灰和粉煤灰两种不同的物料,在蒸汽消耗量只有120 kg/h的条件下,物料总流量达480 kg/h,输送总体积流量为1 040m3/h。     

一种简易成熟的烟气脱硫方法

山东潍坊亚星集团有限公司 (简称潍坊亚星 )所属化工集团是以氯产品为主的化工企业 ,其中 2 5ｋｔ规模的ＰＶＣ生产工艺为乙炔法 ,每年产生 4 0ｋｔ(干基 )电石渣。 1993年由国家计委牵头 ,中日双方签署“燃煤锅炉烟气简易脱硫示范装置”合作协议 ,日方三菱重工业株式会社、川崎重工业株式会社和千代田化工建设株式会社分别与中方山东潍坊亚星集团、广西南宁化工集团和重庆长寿化工总厂合作 ,采用简易石灰石 石膏法进行燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫 ,脱硫剂为乙炔法生产ＰＶＣ过程产生的电石渣。其中潍坊亚星脱硫装置于 1995年建成投产后 ,不仅一直正…     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.