用于处理印染废水的高效复合吸附絮凝剂的制备方法和应用

正该专利涉及一种用于处理印染废水的高效复合吸附絮凝剂的制备方法和应用。该高效复合吸附絮凝剂由絮凝剂、吸附剂和助凝剂组成。絮凝剂为硫酸铝钾,吸附剂为粉末活性炭,助凝剂为可溶性稀土盐。具体制备步骤如下:先将硫酸铝钾配成质量分数为10%~20%的溶液,按照m(活性炭)∶m(稀土盐)∶m(铝)=(0.2~2.0)∶(0.5~0.8)∶1,向硫酸铝钾溶液中加入粉末活性炭和稀土盐,在     

丙烯酸乙酯与N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺共聚物的制备及其气浮除油性能

以丙烯酸乙酯(EA)和N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺(DPM)为原料,通过乳液聚合制备了共聚物P(EA-DPM),优化了其合成条件,并评价了其对油田聚合物驱采油污水(含聚污水)的气浮除油性能.最佳合成条件为:m(EA):m(DPM)=1:1,总单体加入量(EA和DPM总量在反应体系中的质量分数)20％,乳化剂加入...     

利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠

研究了采用焙烧—硫酸酸化法利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠的工艺.通过L16(44)正交实验得出铬渣焙烧—浸出的最佳工艺条件为:焙烧温度1 000℃,m(碳酸钠)∶m(铬渣)=0.18,液固比4,焙烧时间8h.在此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)回收率为99.3％.硫酸酸化制备重铬酸钠的最佳工艺条件为:浸出液pH为6.6,酸化液pH为3.5,浓缩液中重铬酸钠质量分数为83.1％.此条件下制备的产品重铬酸钠结晶率为44.5％,纯度为99.5％,符合GB1611-92《工业重铬酸钠》的一等品质量标准.处理1t铬渣可制备重铬酸钠约120 kg,增加收入660元.     

聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的制备及其在印染废水处理中的应用

以粉煤灰为主要原料制备了聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂。通过L16(45)正交实验得出粉煤灰中Al3+和Fe3+的最佳浸取实验条件为焙烧温度900℃,m(Na2CO3)∶m(粉煤灰)=0.10,浸取温度为70℃,盐酸质量分数20%,浸取时间为2.0h。通过L9(34)正交实验得出聚硅酸铝铁的最佳制备条件为n(聚硅酸)∶n(Al3+)=1∶0.5,n(聚硅酸)∶n(Fe3+)=1∶0.5,浸出液pH为5.0,熟化温度为60℃。利用制得的聚硅酸铝铁絮凝剂对200mL模拟印染废水进行处理,在絮凝剂加入量为4mL时絮凝效果最好,透光率超过70%。     

丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉的合成及橡胶废水的絮凝处理

以丙烯酰胺为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,十二烷基磺酸钠为乳化剂,采用乳液聚合法合成丙烯酰胺接枝木薯淀粉(接枝淀粉)。实验结果表明:当m(淀粉)∶m(单体)为1.0∶1.5、合成温度为60℃、引发剂加入量(质量分数)为2.4%时,单体转化率、接枝率和接枝效率分别为74.7%,69.8%,74.9%;当接枝淀粉的加入量为0.35g/L时,絮凝处理后橡胶废水的吸光度由0.164降为0.073,脱色率为55.5%。     

高内相乳液模板法制备多孔聚合物及其吸油性能

以单体苯乙烯(St)和交联剂二乙烯基苯(DVB)为油相,以氯化钙和引发剂过硫酸钾的水溶液为水相(内相),采用乳液模板法制备了多孔聚合物,对多孔聚合物进行了表征,并考察了其吸油性能。结果表明：在m_Span80∶m_TiO2=9∶1、m_DVB∶m_St=1∶5、m₍(Span80+TiO₂))∶m ₍(St+DVB))=3∶10条件下,制备得到内相体积分数为92%的稳定高内相乳液。将高内相乳液在65 ℃下聚合得到多孔聚合物Span80-TiO₂/PS,其对有机溶剂及油品的饱和吸收量为37.8～75.9 g/g,经无水乙醇再生4次后的饱和吸收量仍保持在首次饱和吸收量的90%以上,具有良好的重复使用性能。     

钼蓝分光光度法测定水中As(Ⅲ)含量

采用钼蓝分光光度法测定水中的As(Ⅲ)含量。以10.8%(质量分数,下同)的抗坏血酸、3%的钼酸铵、0.56%的酒石酸锑钾和13.98%的硫酸按照体积比为2∶2∶1∶5配制的混合溶液为显色剂,在P(Ⅴ)加入量为10.00μmol/L、显色时间为30 min的条件下,As(Ⅲ)质量浓度与吸光度的线性相关性最好。该方法的As(Ⅲ)质量浓度检测范围为0~4 mg/L,加标回收率为92%~103%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~5.6%。     

乳状液膜法处理煤制兰炭废水

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜法处理兰炭废水。实验结果表明:当TBP体积分数为4%、表面活性剂质量分数为4%、内水相NaOH质量分数为12%、油内比(乳状液的油相与内水相的体积比)为3∶2、乳水比为1∶5、萃取时间为15min时,废水中的酚类(以苯酚计)去除率达到85%以上,COD去除率达83%以上。     

SBR工艺脱除苯胺废水中的总氮

采用SBR工艺脱除苯胺废水中的总氮。实验结果表明:在废水温度为30℃、废水pH为7.8、COD为513.6mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为75.95mg/L、总氮质量浓度为521mg/L、m(C)∶m(N)为1∶1、不补充碳源的条件下,停曝搅拌时间需8h,废水的总氮去除率为22.0%。以甲醇作为补充碳源,当m(C)∶m(N)为3∶1时,总氮去除率较低,停曝搅拌时间需10h;当m(C)∶m(N)为5∶1时,总氮去除率较高,达46.5%,停曝搅拌时间需12h。补充碳源为甲醇时,所需停曝搅拌时间最短,总氮去除率最高,优于以葡萄糖和有机废水为碳源。     

含氟改性聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝性能

以全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(PFMA)为疏水单体,与丙烯酰胺(AM)、二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DMDAAC)通过自由基胶束共聚法制得含氟改性聚丙烯酰胺(FPAD)絮凝剂。最佳聚合反应工艺条件:PFMA质量分数为0.3%,引发剂质量分数为0.3%,DMDAAC质量分数为15%,共聚反应温度为50℃。用FPAD处理初始透光率为20%、初始COD为282mg/L的废水,当FPAD加入量为15mg/L、絮凝体系pH为6时,废水透光率最高,可达98.7%;pH为6～9时,废水透光率和COD去除率均较高。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Bryophyte Species Composition of Calcareous Grasslands

Regular additions of NH₄NO₃ (35–140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (140 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) to a calcareous grassland in northern England over a period of 12 years have resulted in a decline in the frequency of the indigenous bryophyte species and the establishment of non-indigenous calcifuge species, with implications for the structure and composition of this calcareous bryophyte community. The lowest NH₄NO₃ additions of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ produced significant declines in frequency of Hypnum cupressiforme, Campylium chrysophyllum, and Calliergon cuspidatum. Significant reductions in frequency at higher NH₄NO₃ application rates were recorded for Pseudoscleropodium purum, Ctenidum molluscum, and Dicranum scoparium. The highest NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ additions provided conditions conducive for the establishment of two typical calcifuges – Polytrichum spp. and Campylopus introflexus, respectively. Substrate-surface pH measurements showed a dose-related reduction in pH with increasing NH₄NO₃ deposition rates of 1.6 pH units between the control and highest deposition rate, and a further significant fall in pH, of >1 pH unit, between the NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments. These results suggest that indigenous bryophyte composition may be at risk from nitrogen deposition rates of 35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ or less. These effects are of particular concern for rare or endangered species of low frequency.