加州干旱引发土地下沉

<正>2015年8月21日Enn环境新闻网美国国家航空航天局(NASA)一份最新的报告数据显示,在连续遭遇4年干旱之后,加州中央谷地的大片土地下沉速度比过去更快了。过去八个月,部分地面下陷甚至超过了30厘米,中央谷地的一些地面每个月以近2英寸的速度之多持续下沉。但凡遭遇历史性大旱,加州居民和农民都会取用地下水,这也是导致地面下沉的主要原因,再加上加州是全美首屈一指的农业大州,但连续的干旱使得加州今年无法投入     

日本地面下沉的现状和对策

根据公害对策基本法的规定,地面下沉例为典型的公害之一.环境厅汇总了日本全国地面下沉的状况.根据调查和测定的结果,认为地面下沉的主要地区是36个都道府县的60个地区.下面着重介绍1984年地面下沉的状况和对策. 一、地面下沉的现状 1984年地面下沉2厘米(Cm)以上的地区由1983年的22个地区、面积594(千米~2)Km~2增加到31个地区、面积814KCm~2.其中地面下沉4Cm以上的地区数,由1983年的6个地区     

铁路栈桥钢围堰工法及其安全性控制探讨

钢围堰下沉施工在水上作业中应用非常普遍，因为它既能保证施工的安全性，又能显示它的经济实用性。本文根据某铁路通道铁路栈桥实际施工情况，对钢围堰岸上分块、水上拼装、起吊和下沉的施工方法及施工安全性控制等问题进行探讨。在该铁路栈桥钢围堰下沉施工中采用在墩位就地整体拼装，用吊架及滑车组起吊下沉的施工方法，避免了受风浪和潮水的影响，克服了过去安全稳定性难以控制、操作不便、所需时间长等弊端。     

日本以关东平原为中心的地带发生地面下沉

日本环境厅在1981年对由于地下水过高而引起的地面下沉进行了调查。根据这个调查,近几年来,以关东平原等为中心的整个平原地带发生了地面下沉,日本全国每年下沉2公分以上的地区,比前年超过47.5％,几乎相当于琵琶湖的面积,达689平方公里。根据这个调查推算:全国下沉的面积约为15000平方公里(前年约为12000平方公里)。若根据这个推算,每年确定为下沉的调查而积就有所扩大,比前年增加10.9％,     

巴西石油钻井平台沉没

据报道 ,世界最大的钻井平台于 2 0 0 1年 3月 2 0日在巴西大西洋海域沉没。随同这座 4 0层楼高的钻井平台一道下沉的是 150万升原油。平台的主人巴西石油公司为防止原油外泄 ,立即采取了行动。在平台下沉前巴西石油公司已在其周围部署了 2 6艘船和一个可以部分潜水的平台 ,以防止原油外泄。平台是因 3月 15日凌晨连续发生两次爆炸事故造成钻井平台倾斜而逐渐下沉的。这座Ｐ - 36号平台由意大利建造 ,高 2 10米 ,于 2 0 0 0年 5月才启用 ,是世界最大的石油开发平台。日生产能力可达 12万桶巴西石油钻井平台沉没…     

绿色简讯

克拉玛依正在下沉我们居住的这片土地正在缓慢下沉。刚刚完成一项有关地壳运动研究的专家２００１年１月１９日说，中国占３／４的国土呈下沉趋势，下沉量在８０毫米左右。新疆克拉玛依地区出现大范围漏斗状显著下沉现象，１０年间平均下沉１５０毫米，漏斗底部最大下沉量达２００毫米。形成这一特大漏斗的原因是否与克拉玛依油田的长期开采有关，还待进一步分析研究。 专家们发现，中国华中、华东和华南地区下沉量较大，平均８０毫米；浙江杭州、嘉兴一带最大下沉量约２００毫米。华北地区以济南为中心有较大下沉，最大下沉量约９０毫米。 …     

混合胁迫条件下蓝藻运动特性研究

为了探究混合控藻技术对蓝藻运动分布特性的影响,实验测定了太湖蓝藻在不同光照度、温度、压力等条件下的上浮/下沉速度.蓝藻在1 500~6 000 lx光照度范围内均表现出很强的上浮性能,光照度大于1 500 lx时,上浮速度大于0.8cm·min-1的藻颗粒占58%;当光照度小于1 500 lx或大于6 000 lx时上浮速度将减弱.在8~25℃环境下,蓝藻呈上浮运动,且随着温度的升高,上浮速度增加.在0~0.1 MPa压强条件下蓝藻上浮,且随着压强的增加上浮速度减慢;当压强达到0.2~0.3 MPa时大部分蓝藻悬浮于水中,只有少部分上浮或下沉;当压强达到0.4~0.6 MPa时,蓝藻明显下沉,且随着压强的增加下沉速度增大,0.6 MPa压强下,下沉速度大于1.0 cm·min-1的藻颗粒占52.5%.当外界压力超过藻细胞气囊所能承受的范围,气囊开始破裂,藻细胞的浮力变小直至小于其重力,导致藻颗粒下沉.常压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,上浮速度越快,密度越小;高压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,下沉速度越快,密度越大.     

普光净化厂加氢进料燃烧炉耐火衬里安全改造

介绍了天然气净化厂尾气处理单元加氢进料燃烧炉的结构及衬里形式,以及燃烧炉使用初期出现部分衬里损坏、下沉,甚至脱落的现象,导致燃烧炉外壁超温,影响装置正常生产;提出改造方案,解决了大型加氢进料燃烧炉衬里存在的问题。     

垂向湍流扩散和光耦合对下沉藻增长的影响——基于内陆混浊湖泊(太湖)分析

在假设温度恒定、弱化营养盐限制作用的条件下,利用太湖背景漫射衰减系数、日变化太阳辐射等数据,通过下沉藻生长与水环境相结合的耦合模型,模拟下沉藻增长过程中垂向湍流扩散和光之间的耦合.结果表明：在相对清洁水体中（背景漫射衰减系数小于1.1/m）,下沉藻类无需垂向湍流扩散均可维持增长;混浊水体中（背景漫射衰减系数介于1.1~3.0/m）下沉藻类增长需垂向湍流扩散维持,且最低垂向湍流扩散值随背景漫射衰减系数增大而增大,二者间存在指数函数关系;最低垂向湍流扩散（D）、水深（z）与藻类下沉速度（v）间的佩克莱数应位于0.38~13.89,否则垂向湍流扩散对比其他因素（藻类沉降和光衰减）,对水柱中下沉藻类的增长的作用甚小;当背景漫射衰减系数大于3.0/m,水柱平均光能可能难以满足藻类增长,藻类持续消亡.该研究有助于厘清气候变化背景下水生生态系统中的浮游植物种群演替机制.     

变形监测在大跨浅埋公路隧道安全施工中的应用研究——以茅山隧道为例

介绍了当前隧道发展的前景、隧道变形监测在施工中的重要意义以及隧道监测技术的研究现状,以茅山西隧道的变形监测(主要为地表沉降、拱顶下沉、水平收敛、围岩压力、二衬内力)研究为例,说明变形监测在保证隧道安全施工的重要作用.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.