加州干旱引发土地下沉

<正>2015年8月21日Enn环境新闻网美国国家航空航天局(NASA)一份最新的报告数据显示,在连续遭遇4年干旱之后,加州中央谷地的大片土地下沉速度比过去更快了。过去八个月,部分地面下陷甚至超过了30厘米,中央谷地的一些地面每个月以近2英寸的速度之多持续下沉。但凡遭遇历史性大旱,加州居民和农民都会取用地下水,这也是导致地面下沉的主要原因,再加上加州是全美首屈一指的农业大州,但连续的干旱使得加州今年无法投入     

日本地面下沉的现状和对策

根据公害对策基本法的规定,地面下沉例为典型的公害之一.环境厅汇总了日本全国地面下沉的状况.根据调查和测定的结果,认为地面下沉的主要地区是36个都道府县的60个地区.下面着重介绍1984年地面下沉的状况和对策. 一、地面下沉的现状 1984年地面下沉2厘米(Cm)以上的地区由1983年的22个地区、面积594(千米~2)Km~2增加到31个地区、面积814KCm~2.其中地面下沉4Cm以上的地区数,由1983年的6个地区     

铁路栈桥钢围堰工法及其安全性控制探讨

钢围堰下沉施工在水上作业中应用非常普遍，因为它既能保证施工的安全性，又能显示它的经济实用性。本文根据某铁路通道铁路栈桥实际施工情况，对钢围堰岸上分块、水上拼装、起吊和下沉的施工方法及施工安全性控制等问题进行探讨。在该铁路栈桥钢围堰下沉施工中采用在墩位就地整体拼装，用吊架及滑车组起吊下沉的施工方法，避免了受风浪和潮水的影响，克服了过去安全稳定性难以控制、操作不便、所需时间长等弊端。     

日本以关东平原为中心的地带发生地面下沉

日本环境厅在1981年对由于地下水过高而引起的地面下沉进行了调查。根据这个调查,近几年来,以关东平原等为中心的整个平原地带发生了地面下沉,日本全国每年下沉2公分以上的地区,比前年超过47.5％,几乎相当于琵琶湖的面积,达689平方公里。根据这个调查推算:全国下沉的面积约为15000平方公里(前年约为12000平方公里)。若根据这个推算,每年确定为下沉的调查而积就有所扩大,比前年增加10.9％,     

绿色简讯

克拉玛依正在下沉我们居住的这片土地正在缓慢下沉。刚刚完成一项有关地壳运动研究的专家２００１年１月１９日说，中国占３／４的国土呈下沉趋势，下沉量在８０毫米左右。新疆克拉玛依地区出现大范围漏斗状显著下沉现象，１０年间平均下沉１５０毫米，漏斗底部最大下沉量达２００毫米。形成这一特大漏斗的原因是否与克拉玛依油田的长期开采有关，还待进一步分析研究。 专家们发现，中国华中、华东和华南地区下沉量较大，平均８０毫米；浙江杭州、嘉兴一带最大下沉量约２００毫米。华北地区以济南为中心有较大下沉，最大下沉量约９０毫米。 …     

巴西石油钻井平台沉没

据报道 ,世界最大的钻井平台于 2 0 0 1年 3月 2 0日在巴西大西洋海域沉没。随同这座 4 0层楼高的钻井平台一道下沉的是 150万升原油。平台的主人巴西石油公司为防止原油外泄 ,立即采取了行动。在平台下沉前巴西石油公司已在其周围部署了 2 6艘船和一个可以部分潜水的平台 ,以防止原油外泄。平台是因 3月 15日凌晨连续发生两次爆炸事故造成钻井平台倾斜而逐渐下沉的。这座Ｐ - 36号平台由意大利建造 ,高 2 10米 ,于 2 0 0 0年 5月才启用 ,是世界最大的石油开发平台。日生产能力可达 12万桶巴西石油钻井平台沉没…     

混合胁迫条件下蓝藻运动特性研究

为了探究混合控藻技术对蓝藻运动分布特性的影响,实验测定了太湖蓝藻在不同光照度、温度、压力等条件下的上浮/下沉速度.蓝藻在1 500~6 000 lx光照度范围内均表现出很强的上浮性能,光照度大于1 500 lx时,上浮速度大于0.8cm·min-1的藻颗粒占58%;当光照度小于1 500 lx或大于6 000 lx时上浮速度将减弱.在8~25℃环境下,蓝藻呈上浮运动,且随着温度的升高,上浮速度增加.在0~0.1 MPa压强条件下蓝藻上浮,且随着压强的增加上浮速度减慢;当压强达到0.2~0.3 MPa时大部分蓝藻悬浮于水中,只有少部分上浮或下沉;当压强达到0.4~0.6 MPa时,蓝藻明显下沉,且随着压强的增加下沉速度增大,0.6 MPa压强下,下沉速度大于1.0 cm·min-1的藻颗粒占52.5%.当外界压力超过藻细胞气囊所能承受的范围,气囊开始破裂,藻细胞的浮力变小直至小于其重力,导致藻颗粒下沉.常压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,上浮速度越快,密度越小;高压下,藻颗粒粒径越大,下沉速度越快,密度越大.     

普光净化厂加氢进料燃烧炉耐火衬里安全改造

介绍了天然气净化厂尾气处理单元加氢进料燃烧炉的结构及衬里形式,以及燃烧炉使用初期出现部分衬里损坏、下沉,甚至脱落的现象,导致燃烧炉外壁超温,影响装置正常生产;提出改造方案,解决了大型加氢进料燃烧炉衬里存在的问题。     

垂向湍流扩散和光耦合对下沉藻增长的影响——基于内陆混浊湖泊(太湖)分析

在假设温度恒定、弱化营养盐限制作用的条件下,利用太湖背景漫射衰减系数、日变化太阳辐射等数据,通过下沉藻生长与水环境相结合的耦合模型,模拟下沉藻增长过程中垂向湍流扩散和光之间的耦合.结果表明：在相对清洁水体中（背景漫射衰减系数小于1.1/m）,下沉藻类无需垂向湍流扩散均可维持增长;混浊水体中（背景漫射衰减系数介于1.1~3.0/m）下沉藻类增长需垂向湍流扩散维持,且最低垂向湍流扩散值随背景漫射衰减系数增大而增大,二者间存在指数函数关系;最低垂向湍流扩散（D）、水深（z）与藻类下沉速度（v）间的佩克莱数应位于0.38~13.89,否则垂向湍流扩散对比其他因素（藻类沉降和光衰减）,对水柱中下沉藻类的增长的作用甚小;当背景漫射衰减系数大于3.0/m,水柱平均光能可能难以满足藻类增长,藻类持续消亡.该研究有助于厘清气候变化背景下水生生态系统中的浮游植物种群演替机制.     

日本地面下沉状况与对策

根据防止公害法第二条:“随着生产活动和人类其它活动,广泛发生的地面下沉(采矿造成的地面下沉除外)给人类健康和生活环境带来了损害”。因此,将这种地面下沉现象列为七大公害之一。地面下沉一般具有以下特点: (1) 形成过程缓慢,不易作到早期发现。 (2) 地面一旦下沉,难以恢复原貌。(即便把地下水位恢复到原有水平,地面高度也不能恢复)。 (3) 主要是由于开采地下水量过多,而地下水资源优良,是人类生活不可缺少的。日本环境厅每年都要汇总全国各地     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.