氨回收和稀氨水的治理

成都天然气化工厂合成氨车间投资15万元,采用“计量加入、分段回收、逐级提浓”法进行合成氨生产的氨回收和稀氨水治理。消除了稀氨水的过量和排放,实现了合成氨生产的水平衡;提高了跑氨回收率和氨利用率;大幅度降低了消耗,取得了显著的经济、节能和环境等诸方面的综合社会效益。     

合成氨厂原料气洗涤水的回收利用

1 前言我厂是一个年产12000 t氨的小型合成氨厂。碳化工段原料气的净化,是采用传统的氨回收塔吸收后,再用大量的清水洗涤,洗涤后得到的稀氨水,由于水量大,氨浓度低,难以利用而直接外排,这样不仅造成氨的浪费,而且严重污染了环境。近年来,国内一些合成氨企业对稀氨水进行了回收。为了达到生产用氨的平衡和杜绝外     

四川小氮肥厂实现碳平衡和水平衡的理论与实践

四川省小氮肥厂从工艺改革入手,实现了碳平衡和水平衡,取得了显著的环境、经济和社会效益。他们的措施是:(1)从多种途径回收CO_2,实现碳平衡,增产固体碳铵,减少氨水;(2)从严格控制软水加入量和采用稀氨水逐级提浓技术,实现了水平衡,消除了稀氨水的产生和排放。     

合成氨厂含氨废水的治理技术

本文就低浓度含氨氮废水的治理技术,稀氨水的回收利用和工艺冷凝液的处理技术分别作了简略的介绍和评述.     

甲基氯硅烷生产废液制备氯化氢和有机硅树脂

研究了将高、低沸点甲基氯硅烷生产废液分别通过醇解和水解反应制备HCl和有机硅树脂的工艺方法,考察了醇解时间、醇解温度和m(废液)∶m(甲醇)等因素对产物收率的影响.实验得到最佳反应条件为:m(废液)∶m(甲醇)=1∶0.5,醇解温度65℃,醇解时间2h.在该条件下由高、低沸点废液制得的有机硅树脂收率分别为43.2％和40.6％.将制得的有机硅树脂经500℃干燥处理后,可作为填料,制备有机硅树脂-聚氯乙烯复合材料.该材料的力学性能与SiO2 -聚氯乙烯复合材料接近.     

在中型氮肥厂推行清洁生产

在对合成氨厂污染源调查的基础上,通过对尿素解吸塔的改造、铜洗稀氨水的增浓、氨吸塔含氨废水的循环利用、氨泵密封水的回收,减少了生产过程中污染物－氨氮的产生量,并取得了显著的经济效益。     

抗蚜威农药废水处理

在抗蚜威农药的生产过程中，排出α－甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯合成废水和抗蚜威合成废水。前者采用萃取法回收α－甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙酰乙酸乙酯，简单蒸馏－精馏法回收甲醇；后者采用萃取法回收甲基嘧啶醇中间体。两股废水经预处理后，ＣＯＤ去除率分别达到９７％和７５％，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ从０．１－０．２提高到０．４，预处理后的废水混合后进行生物接触氧化处理，ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ５去除率分别达到８５％和９８％。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯废料的回收方法

介绍了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯传统的化学回收方法：甲醇醇解法、水解法和醣酵解法;简述了聚酯新的回收工艺：伊斯曼乙二醇水解工艺、超临界水水解工艺和Reco-PET工艺,及有关国家聚酯回收的工业化实践,并对聚酯回收的前景及影响聚酯回收的因素进行了分析。     

废聚酯材料化学解聚研究进展

综述了近年来国内外废聚酯材料的酸性水解法、碱性水解法、中性水解法、甲醇醇解法、乙二醇醇解法、异辛醇醇解法、超临界水解法、超临界醇解法和离子液体环境下的废聚酯化学解聚的研究进展.对离子液体化学解聚废聚酯的前景进行了展望.     

蒸馏回收TMP生产废液中的甲醇和乙醇

ＴＭＰ,学名甲氧苄啶,是一种抗菌药。在其生产过程产生的废液中,主要成分为甲醇、乙醇和水,此外还含有少量的酯、腈和盐分。该废液经化学处理后成为甲醇－乙醇－水三元体系。因此要回收醇,就提出了甲醇－乙醇－水三元体系的分离问题。由于ＴＭＰ生产起始阶段对水分进...     

废水中甲醇分析方法的研究

建立了废水中甲醇的3种分析方法,毛细管柱气相色谱法、填充柱气相色谱法和变色酸分光光度法。测定废水中甲醇浓度相对标准偏差分别为1．45％,2．93％,3．61％,平均回收率分别为100．88％,98．19％,97．62％。实验结果表明：3种方法能较好对应,其中毛细管柱气相色谱法灵敏度最高,方法检出限为0．05mg／L。     

利用联醇装置废催化剂生产氯化亚铜和氧化锌

叙述了用化肥厂联产甲醇装置的废催化剂生产氯化亚铜和氧化锌的原理、工艺流程和工艺条件,氯化亚铜和氧化锌的收率分别达到95%和92%.     

甲醇废水处理研究进展

介绍了甲醇废水的来源、成分及其危害,并从物理法、化学法和生物法3个方面综述了近年来国内外有关甲醇废水处理技术的原理、工艺流程、发展趋势及其实际应用情况,分析了现有甲醇废水处理工艺的优缺点和存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

Elimination of Methanol and Ethanol by Biofiltration: An Experimental Study

This study presents the experimental results obtained during long-term operation of two biofilters treating two alcohols: methanol and ethanol. The biofilters used for this purpose were previously packed with a compost material made from tobacco processing residues. The alcohols concentrations tested lay between 0.40 and 3.20 g/m³ for methanol, and 0.55 and 5.05 g/m³ for ethanol. The empty bed residence time in each biofilter was 60 s. Biofilter inlet loads of less than 190 and 300 g/m³/h for the methanol and ethanol additions respectively, were thereafter evaluated. In addition, the concentrations of nutrient nitrogen were also varied, from 0.1 to 2.0 g-N/l and from 0.3 to 11.3 g-N/l for the ethanol and the methanol, respectively. The results thus obtained have made it possible to select the optimal nitrogen concentrations which, for the cases examined, turn out to be 0.3 g-N/l and between 2 and 3.8 g-N/l for the ethanol and methanol substrates, respectively. The maximum elimination capacities obtained in this study were 82 and 150 g/m³/h, respectively for the methanol and ethanol cases. It was therefore concluded that, for a readily biodegradable compound such as ethanol, the nitrogen requirement is substantially lower than that needed for the methanol degradation, the latter appearing to be more difficult to degrade biologically under similar operating conditions. The production rate of the co-product carbon dioxide during methanol and ethanol biofiltration was also investigated. Also, a good correlation was found to exist between the temperature and the conversion achieved in the biofilter.     

工业火炬气NOx排放的模拟实验

为准确核定石化企业火炬气NO_x的排放情况,采用模拟火炬燃烧装置对现场采集的不同种类火炬气进行燃烧,取得了燃烧温度及NO_x排放数据。实验结果表明：火炬气的燃烧温度及燃烧烟气中的NO_x质量浓度与火炬气组分中H₂的体积分数呈正相关;兰炭荒煤气、煤甲醇合成驰放气、合成氨变换气和合成氨合成解析气的燃烧温度分别为410,430,560,650℃。通过计算得到4种火炬气的NO_x排放系数分别为：合成氨合成解析气0.3154~0.5406kg/t,煤甲醇合成驰放气0.1245~0.2263kg/t,合成氨变换气0.0591~0.0813kg/t,兰炭荒煤气0.0801~0.1762kg/t。     

渗透汽化复合膜分离废水中的低浓度甲醇

采用两种商品化渗透汽化复合膜--GKSS-GS膜和PDMS-P膜分离模拟低浓度甲醇废水,考察了操作温度、甲醇质量分数、废水流量对膜渗透汽化性能的影响.实验结果表明:随温度升高、废水中甲醇质量分数的增大,两种膜的渗透通量都呈增加趋势;GKSS-GS膜的分离系数变化较明显,而PDMS-P膜的分离系数变化较小;废水流量对渗透通量和分离系数的影响均较小.在最佳条件下,GKSS-GS膜的渗透通量为914.6 g/(m~2·h),分离系数为5.6;PDMS-P膜的渗透通量为1 887.2 g/(m~2·h),分离系数为4.8.     

Separation of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene waste plastics by froth flotation combined with ammonia pretreatment

The objective of this research is flotation separation of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) waste plastics combined with ammonia pretreatment. The PC and ABS plastics show similar hydrophobicity, and ammonia treatment changes selectively floatability of PC plastic while ABS is insensitive to ammonia treatment. The contact angle measurement indicates the dropping of flotation recovery of PC is ascribed to a decline of contact angle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates reactions occur on PC surface, which makes PC surface more hydrophilic. Separation of PC and ABS waste plastics was conducted based on the flotation behavior of single plastic. At different temperatures, PC and ABS mixtures were separated efficiently through froth flotation with ammonia pretreatment for different time (13 min at 23 °C, 18 min at 18 °C and 30 min at 23 °C). For both PC and ABS, the purity and recovery is more than 95.31% and 95.35%, respectively; the purity of PC and ABS is up to 99.72% and 99.23%, respectively. PC and ABS mixtures with different particle sizes were separated effectively, implying that ammonia treatment possesses superior applicability.     

Electrostatic separators of particles: Application to plastic/metal, metal/metal and plastic/plastic mixtures

Electrostatic separation is a generic term given to a significant class of technologies of industrial waste processing, widely used for the sorting of granular mixtures due to electric forces acting on particles whose average size is approximately 5mm. The focus of this paper is on three electrostatic processes of separation used for processing of different types of mixtures: (i) role-type electrostatic separator, used to sort mixtures containing metal/plastic particles (copper/PVC for example); (ii) plate-type electrostatic separator, used to sort mixtures containing metal/metal particles (copper/lead for example) and (iii) free-fall electrostatic separator, used to sort mixtures of plastic/plastic particles (PVC/PE for example). Experiments carried out on industrial samples using laboratory electrostatic separators confirm the efficiency of these processes and show that the processes can improve the recovery and purity of products resulting from industrial wastes.     

Life cycle assessment of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitrous oxides in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator

Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitrous oxides in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator was investigated using LCA. The relationship between NO_x-cleaning and ammonia dosage was measured at the plant. Un-reacted ammonia - the ammonia slip - leaving the flue-gas cleaning system adsorbed to fly-ash or in the effluent of the acidic scrubber was quantified from the stoichiometric reaction of NO_x and ammonia assuming no other reaction products was formed. Of the ammonia slip, 37% was associated with the fly-ash and 63% was in the effluent of the acidic scrubber. Based on NO_x-cleaning efficiency, the fate of the ammonia slip as well as the environmental impact from ammonia production, the potential acidification and nutrient enrichment from NO_x-cleaning was calculated as a function of ammonia dosage. Since the exact fate of the ammonia slip could not be measured directly, a number of scenarios were set up ranging from “best case” with no ammonia from the slip ending up in the environment to “worst case” where all the ammonia slip eventually ended up in the environment and contributed to environmental pollution. In the “best case” scenario the highest ammonia dosage was most beneficial demonstrating that the environmental load associated with ammonia production is of minor importance. In contrast, in a “worst case” scenario” NO_x-cleaning using SNCR is not recommendable at all, since the impacts from the ammonia slip exceed the saved impacts from the NO_x removal. Increased dosage of ammonia for removal of NO_x is recommendable as long as less than 10-20% of the ammonia slip to the effluent of the acidic scrubber ends up in the environment and less than 40% of the slip to the fly-ash ends up in the environment. The study suggests that the actual fate of the ammonia slip is crucial, but since the release of the ammonia may take place during transport and at the facilities that treat the wastewater and treat the fly-ash this factor depends strongly on local conditions and may be hard to determine. Thus, LCA-modeling proved useful in assessing the balance between ammonia dosage and NO_x-removal in flue-gas cleaning from waste incineration.     

含酮连氮废水的分离技术

为降低含酮连氮废水中的酮连氮含量,采用高效精馏塔,在提馏段将酮连氮从废水中汽提出来,在精馏段通过精馏将有机物料浓缩,达到回收的要求。在实验过程中,采用加压的方法,将酮连氮分解为水合肼和丙酮,通过不断分离出水合肼,使塔釜中酮连氮质量浓度为0．088g／L,达到排放要求,同时可以回收氨和丙酮,其中塔顶氨的质量浓度可以达到294mg／L,丙酮的质量浓度达到500mg／L。