海洋生态补偿的正义

海洋生态补偿能够通过修复海洋环境落实海洋污染破坏的责任.目前我国正致力于构建海洋生态补偿机制实现海洋公平正义,从海洋流动性、立体性、多主体和主体差异性这三个特征出发,同时根据罗尔斯的正义理论,结合海洋的特征限定生态补偿概念,得出海洋生态补偿的正义具备风险、公正和平等三大原则并认为我国在资金和主体上体现了风险原则的限缩,...     

生态文明视域下环境正义的实现

党的十八大报告提出:"把生态文明建设放在突出地位,融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程,努力建设美丽中国,实现中华民族永续发展".生态文明建设的目标就是要实现人与自然关系的和谐以及人与社会关系的和谐,而环境正义的核心问题则包括人与自然以及人与人之间的环境正义,环境正义是生态文明的人文内涵. 环境正义(Environmental Justice)的理念源于美国国内在选择有毒废物填埋场时所存在的不平等现象.     

生态文明视域下环境正义的实现

党的十八大报告提出:"把生态文明建设放在突出地位,融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程,努力建设美丽中国,实现中华民族永续发展"。生态文明建设的目标就是要实现人与自然关系的和谐以及人与社会关系的和谐,而环境正义的核心问题则包括人与自然以及人与人之间的环境正义,环境正义是生态文明的人     

中国流域生态补偿标准核算方法进展研究

流域生态补偿关系到区域协调和可持续发展,补偿标准核算方法的确定是建立流域生态补偿机制的重点。对中国流域生态补偿标准核算方法的研究进展进行系统整理,总结了目前较为常用的五种核算方法,即生态系统服务功能价值法、生态保护总成本法、水质水量保护目标核算法、水资源价值法和支付意愿法,对比分析各自的优点与不足,并对近来出现的水足迹等新方法进行阐述。未来研究中,应实现核算方法结合、补偿标准的动态评估及提高核算体系的可操作性等。     

深化生态保护补偿制度 有序推进生态产品价值实现

生态保护补偿和生态产品价值实现作为践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的关键路径,在研究和实践层面都取得了重要进展。本研究从我国生态保护补偿演变特点入手,梳理了生态保护补偿与生态产品价值实现的关系,提出新时期我国生态保护补偿改革路径。研究认为,生态保护补偿是生态产品价值实现的重要组成部分,生态产品价值实现是生态保护补偿发展到一定阶段的必然产物,从生态保护补偿到生态产品价值实现反映了政府主导、市场运作推动生态产品供需不断趋于均衡的过程。本文建议进一步加强“有为政府”与“有效市场”的综合运用,不断延展生态保护补偿的目标和范围,建立健全经济社会生态目标集成的综合生态保护补偿机制,推动政府与市场各有侧重地支持生态保护补偿各领域和全过程,推进生态产品价值的普遍实现和充分转化。     

煤炭开采区生态损害补偿评估模型的构建与应用

煤炭开采区的生态补偿包括对生态损害的补偿、对厂商与居民负担的外部成本补偿以及对新资源和替代能源的开发补偿三部分.将煤炭开采区的生态损害补偿过程分为生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段.通过确定煤炭开采区生态损害补偿3个阶段的生态补偿目标,构建各阶段土地、植被和水环境生态损害补偿的评估模型,分别测算了完成生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段补偿目标所需的生态损害补偿总量和每t煤所需提取的生态损害补偿金额.      

我国地方层面生态补偿实践经验与借鉴

生态补偿机制的构建,不仅有利于缩小区际间的差距,还原生态以价值,而且还是环境降压的出口,促进环境建设,走可持续发展的道路。文章以生态补偿实践应用的角度为切入点,从流域、省域和地市3个层面系统分析了地方生态补偿的实践经验,在此基础上提出了现有的实践经验对我国地方层面生态补偿所带来的借鉴与启示。     

可持续发展目标达成度对中国生态文明建设公众满意度的影响

自联合国可持续发展目标提出以来,学者们聚焦其达成度开展了大量的评估工作,以期揭示中国可持续发展过程中面临的问题和挑战,进而指导政府决策.已有评估指标的选择是“自上而下”的,普遍参照联合国建议.然而,在实际应用中,可持续发展评估结果是否与“自下而上”衡量政府绩效的另外一个重要标准“生态文明建设公众满意度”相匹配尚不明确,增加了政府决策的不确定性.因此,该研究以中国31个省级行政单位为样本(不包括港澳台地区数据),建立了可持续发展达成度梯度,利用滑动窗口结合线性回归等方法,分析了可持续发展目标达成度的两个维度(平均达成度和目标间均衡度)与生态文明建设公众满意度间的变化关系及其驱动机制.结果表明：(1)可持续发展评估的两个维度中,目标平均达成度与公众满意度之间无显著关系,目标间均衡度则与公众满意度呈正相关,特别是在较高可持续发展水平下(R2=0.36,P<0.01).(2)环境和经济指标是影响生态文明建设公众满意度的主要因素,环境质量的影响在可持续发展水平较高的阶段更加强烈.(3)经济发展和环境保护目标间的权衡关系制约了可持续发展状况相对较好省份的生态文明建设,也是决定可持续目标间均衡...     

滦河流域水生态补偿机制初探

按照"节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力"的治水方针,以生态文明建设为指导,以统筹滦河流域上下游地区经济社会可持续发展为主线,以保护和改善流域水生态环境质量和保障饮用水安全为出发点,对构建滦河流域水生态补偿机制进行了探讨。通过生态补偿机制的研究,可明确各资源关联主体的权、责、利,并把水生态环境资源的价值通过价格体现出来,突出可操作性,实现利用资源创造价值的再分配,有效地协调生态环境保护和经济发展的关系,促进流域协调发展。     

区域间生态补偿标准定量化研究——以鄂州市三区间补偿为例

梁子湖区生态环境优越,鄂州市拟向其进行生态补偿,需要研究补偿依据,定量测算生态补偿标准上限。本文基于修正的当量因子法测算了鄂州三区的生态服务功能价值,在生态价值测算的基础上,对4种具有明显流动性的生态功能的流动去向进行研究,从宏观角度探索了区域间生态补偿标准量化方法。重点包括:(1)通过比选,确定合适的生态价值评估方法;(2)利用当量因子法,需根据研究区域的生态状况、环境质量等因素对因子当量表的若干参数进行修订,测算鄂州三区的生态服务价值;(3)确定生态服务功能中具有流动特性的类别,并基于熵增原理阐释区域间流动的基本规律;(4)根据生态功能与其价值成正比,合理划定生态补偿相关范围(划定区),研究计算方法,测算研究区各区域向划定区的生态输出价值,确定生态补偿权重与分配补偿金额。测算结果表明,鄂州市三区(梁子湖区、鄂城区、华容区)2015年生态服务总价值分别为8491亿、7224亿、6642亿;生态输出价值分别为2644亿、824亿、1217亿;在理论上,在鄂州三区之间2015年鄂城区、华容区应分别补偿梁子湖区215亿、037亿元。对于周边地区应给予梁子湖区等地的补偿,已超出了鄂州市政府的管辖范围,应由湖北省政府出面协调。鄂州市三区内部的生态补偿可先行先试。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.