Influence of osmotic distillation on membrane absorption for the treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater

Osmotic distillation (OD) was found to be a coupled process in membrane absorption (MA) for the treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater. As a result, ammonia could not be concentrated in absorption solution(AS) as expected. The inhibition of the coupled OD in MA process was investigated as well as various factors affecting the inhibition. The results indicated that the coupled OD can be effectively inhibited by heating concentrated solution and cooling dilute solution. It was also found that experimental minimum inhibition temperature difference(MITD) between concentrated and dilute solutions was different when using polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) and polypropylene(PP) membranes respectively, which could be ascribed to material properties, such as OD and membrane distillation (MD) coefficients of the membranes. Experimental MITDs were found to be higher than theoretical MITDs which were calculated using a simplified method.     

微塑料对膜蒸馏处理含锑高盐废水性能影响研究

研究了微塑料在膜蒸馏过程中不同温度、pH、微塑料浓度和微塑料粒径条件下对含锑高盐废水的处理性能及机理.结果表明,随着进料液温度的升高,饱和蒸汽压的增加提高了传质动力,不含微塑料时膜通量由17.4 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至20.7 L·m^-2·h^-1,通量提升了18.9%,含有微塑料时膜通量由15.6 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至18.5 L·m^-2·h^-1,提升了18.6%;pH由3增大至11时,由于重金属锑在不同pH条件下的价态变化及静电排斥作用,重金属锑截留率由98.2%提升至99.6%;微塑料浓度的增加会降低膜通量,提高锑截留效果,这可能是微塑料对溶液中重金属锑的吸附作用及微塑料在膜表面的积聚产生的筛分效应引起的.     

纳米二氧化硅改性聚酰胺复合膜及其抗污染性能

采用经3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（APTMS）修饰的纳米二氧化硅（SiNPs）,对正渗透聚酰胺复合膜（TFC）进行抗污染改性.在静电吸附作用下,APTMS-SiNPs可通过表面涂覆的方式接枝在带负电的TFC表面,以提高膜的亲水性和抗污染效能.改性后,大量纳米材料成功接枝在膜表面,膜表面的接触角降低了54%,而膜电位和表面粗糙度无明显变化.采用海藻酸钠作为代表污染物,对原膜和改性膜的动态污染行为进行探究,通过监测污染阶段的通量变化和膜表面滤饼层含量,发现改性膜在膜污染后期表现出优良的抗污染性能,最终通量衰减降低了28%,膜表面滤饼层含量减少了35%.改性膜的抗污染性能主要归因于APTMS-SiNPs带来的膜表面亲水性的大幅提高.     

Adsorptive removal of iron and manganese ions from aqueous solutions with microporous chitosan/polyethylene glycol blend membrane

Microporous chitosan (CS) membranes were directly prepared by extraction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) from CS/PEG blend membrane and were examined for iron and manganese ions removal from aqueous solutions. The different variables affecting the adsorption capacity of the membranes such as contact time, pH of the sorption medium, and initial metal ion concentration in the feed solution were investigated on a batch adsorption basis. The affinity of CS/PEG blend membrane to adsorb Fe(II) ions is higher than that of Mn(II) ions, with adsorption equilibrium achieved after 60 min for Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions. By increasing CS/PEG ratio in the blend membrane the adsorption capacity of metal ions increased. Among all parameters, pH has the most significant effect on the adsorption capacity, particularly in the range of 2.9-5.9. The increase in CS/PEG ratio was found to enhance the adsorption capacity of the membranes. The effects of initial concentration of metal ions on the extent of metal ions removal were investigated in detail. The experimental data were better fitted to Freundlich equation than Langmuir. In addition, it was found that the iron and manganese ions adsorbed on the membranes can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution (up to 98% desorption efficiency) and the blend membranes can be reused almost without loss of the adsorption capacity for iron and manganese ions.     

原位植入TiO2纳米颗粒改性聚砜超滤膜及其抗生物污染性能研究

选用TiO_2纳米颗粒通过原位植入法对聚砜超滤膜表面进行改性,通过调节p H及沉淀浴中TiO_2浓度制备出不同TiO_2覆盖率的改性聚砜超滤膜,并分别用扫描电子显微镜、接触角测定仪、激光共聚焦显微镜等对改性膜性能进行评价.结果表明,p H为4时TiO_2分散良好并植入到聚砜膜表面,改变沉淀浴的浓度可以有效控制TiO_2在聚砜膜表面的覆盖率.聚砜膜的亲水性随TiO_2覆盖率的提高而不断增强.在纯水通量下降不明显的情况下,TiO_2改性超滤膜的抗生物污染性能均优于未改性膜,随着覆盖率的提高,抗生物污染性能呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在覆盖率介于22.4%~27.7%之间时改性膜具有最优的抗生物污染性能,可使微生物粘附减少93%,黑暗培养24 h的生物膜厚度减少70%以上.     

有机大分子对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜偏硅酸钠污染的影响

选用腐殖酸(HA),海藻酸钠(SA),牛血清蛋白(BSA)和偏硅酸钠分别模拟水体中有机大分子和无机污染物对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行了膜污染试验.结合原子力显微镜(AFM)及自制的胶体探针定量测定了不同条件下,膜-偏硅酸钠以及偏硅酸钠-偏硅酸钠之间的作用力.分析了污染膜的表面结构特征及其通量恢复率,系统考察了膜表面吸附不同有机大分子后,对随后硅酸盐污染行为的影响.结果表明:膜表面吸附HA和SA后,膜面负电位增加,与偏硅酸钠之间静电斥力变大,导致其结合能力减弱,减缓了结垢污染.然而,吸附BSA后的膜与无有机条件膜相比,负电位基本一致,故对纳滤膜结垢过程几乎无影响.     

Fluoride removal from brackish groundwater by direct contact membrane distillation

The direct contact membrane distillation applied for fluoride removal from brackish groundwater was investigated.The self-prepared polyvinylidene fluoride membrane exhibited high rejection of inorganic salt solutes.The maximum permeate flux 35.6 kg/(m2 ·hr) was obtained with the feed solution at 80°C and the cold distillate water at 20°C.The feed concentration had no significant impact on the permeate flux and the rejection in fluoride.The precipitation of CaCO3 would clog the hollow fiber inlets and foul the membrane surface with increasing concentration factor when natural groundwater was used directly as the feed,which resulted in a rapid decline in the module efficiency.This phenomenon was diminished by acidification of the feed.The experimental results showed that the permeate flux and the quality of obtained distillate kept stable before concentration factor reached 5.0 with the acidified groundwater as feed.The membrane module efficiency began to decline gradually when the feed continued to be concentrated,which can be mainly attributed to the formation of CaF2 deposits on the membrane surface.In addition,a 300 hr continuous fluoride removal experiment of acidified groundwater was carried out with concentration factor at 4.0,the permeate flux kept stable and the permeate fluoride was not detected.     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

放射性废水的膜处理技术研究进展

核燃料的生产、核电厂的运行、同位素的生产和使用等过程都会产生着大量的放射性废水,为了保护环境和人类健康,这些废水必须经过安全、经济和有效的处理处置.放射性废水传统的处理方法主要包括过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发法或这几种工艺的组合.近年来,膜分离技术在放射性废水处理中得到了广泛的研究,发达国家已有应用膜分离技术处理放射性废水的实例,而我国规模化应用的实例还很少见.本文首先介绍了放射性废水的来源及组成,分析了各种放射性废水处理方法的优势和不足,包括化学沉淀法、过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发浓缩法、吸附法、生物还原/吸附法和膜分离法等.在此基础上,重点介绍了各种膜分离技术,包括微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透、膜蒸馏等在放射性废水处理中研究与应用现状,对已有的文献资料进行了较系统全面的分析、归纳和总结,对各种方法的优缺点及适用范围进行了比较,对膜技术在放射性废水处理中的应用前景及问题进行了讨论.最后,简要介绍了放射性废水处理产生的浓缩产物的最终处理处置,对放射性废水处理技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

Effect of non-solvent additives on the morphology, pore structure, and direct contact membrane distillation performance of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes

Four common types of additives for polymer membrane preparation including organic macromolecule and micromolecule additives, inorganic salts and acids, and the strong non-solvent H2 O were used to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PVDF-CTFE) hydrophobic flat-sheet membranes. Membrane properties including morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore distribution were investigated, and the permeability was evaluated via direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD) of 3.5 g/L Na Cl solution in a DCMD configuration. Both inorganic and organic micromolecule additives were found to slightly influence membrane hydrophobicity. Polyethylene glycol(PEG),organic acids, Li Cl, Mg Cl2, and Li Cl/H2 O mixtures were proved to be effective additives to PVDF-CTFE membranes due to their pore-controlling effects and the capacity to improve the properties and performance of the resultant membranes. The occurrence of a pre-gelation process showed that when organic and inorganic micromolecules were added to PVDF-CTFE solution, the resultant membranes presented a high interconnectivity structure. The membrane prepared with dibutyl phthalate(DBP) showed a nonporous surface and symmetrical cross-section. When H2 O and Li Cl/H2 O mixtures were also used as additives, they were beneficial for solid–liquid demixing, especially when Li Cl/H2 O mixed additives were used. The membrane prepared with 5% Li Cl + 2% H2 O achieved a flux of24.53 kg/(m2·hr) with 99.98% salt rejection. This study is expected to offer a reference not only for PVDF-CTFE membrane preparation but also for other polymer membranes.     

纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜的抗污染性能

以AgNO3为前驱体,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为聚合物基体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂和成孔剂,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为还原剂和溶剂,利用相转化法制备了纳米Ag粒子原位杂化PVDF超滤膜.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、原子力显微镜及接触角测定仪对杂化膜的结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:原位形成的纳米Ag粒子均匀地分散在聚合物基体中,纳米Ag粒子的添加改善了PVDF膜的亲水性能.以腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白作为污染物的代表,考察了Ag/PVDF膜的抗有机污染性能.以大肠杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及活性污泥作为微生物的代表,考察了杂化膜的抗生物污染性能.结果证实了与纯PVDF膜相比,Ag/PVDF膜通量衰减较慢,可有效抑制微生物的生长,表面受活性污泥污染程度小,具有显著的抗有机污染和抗生物污染性能.     

膜蒸馏技术疏水膜、组件及工艺研究进展

在新兴环保领域,膜蒸馏（MD）技术经最近10年研究的不断拓展、深入,产业链逐渐形成。瞄准膜蒸馏技术涉及的疏水膜、膜组件、工艺与应用3个重要方面,概述了膜蒸馏技术的最近10年研究现状及发展方向。从疏水膜制备的角度,重点探讨了兼具高通量、高强度、抗润湿及抗污染等特点的疏水膜制备方法;从膜蒸馏组件设计角度,重点探讨了结构形式优化、内/外场辅助等过程强化手段及具有稳定、高效、低耗传质特点的膜组件设计方法;从工艺与应用角度,概述了典型膜蒸馏集成工艺、清洁生产工艺及应用场景与国内外产业化现状。     

San copolymer membranes with ion exchangers for Cu(II) removal from synthetic wastewater by electrodialysis

Heterogeneous membranes were obtained by using styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blends with low content of ion-exchanger particles (5 wt.%). The membranes obtained by phase inversion were used for the removal of copper ions from synthetic wastewater solutions by electrodialytic separation. The electrodialysis was conducted in a three cell unit, without electrolyte recirculation. The process, under potentiostatic or galvanostatic control, was followed by pH and conductivity measurements in the solution. The electrodialytic performance, evaluated in terms of extraction removal degree (rd) of copper ions, was better under potentiostatic control then by the galvanostatic one and the highest (over 70%) was attained at 8 V. The membrane efficiency at small ion-exchanger load was explained by the migration of resin particles toward the pores surface during the phase inversion. The prepared membranes were characterized by various techniques i.e. optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis and contact angle measurements.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水

采用以粉末活性炭(PAC)作为填料的复合式膜生物反应器处理小区生活污水.该反应器在不人为排泥,不对膜进行任何处理(不空曝、不清洗)的情况下,连续运行100d.结果表明,系统运行稳定,出水水质优良(COD<25mg/L,NH₄⁺-N<0.6mg/L,无色无味,无SS,没有检测出大肠杆菌).PAC不仅改善了膜生物反应器中的污泥混合液的沉淀性能与可过滤性,同时也改善了膜表面滤饼层的水力特性,从而达到了减小膜过滤阻力,延缓膜污染的目的,而且还降低了运行成本.     

Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal

The feasibility of employing nanofiltration for the removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater was investigated. Poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) was used to fabricate asymmetric nanofiltration membrane through the phase-inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the obtained membrane, and the both confirmed a much smoother surface which could reduce membrane fouling. The PMIA membrane showed di erent rejections to electrolytes in a sequence of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2, which was similar to the sequence of the negatively charged nanofiltration membranes. Separation experiments on chromium(VI) solution were conducted at various operating conditions, such as feed concentration, applied pressure and pH. It is concluded that chromium(VI) could be e ectively removed from chromiumcontaining wastewater by the PMIA nanofiltration membranes while maintaining their pollution resistance under alkaline condition.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

UIO-66改性聚酰胺正渗透复合膜的制备及性能研究

采用界面聚合方法将UIO-66纳米颗粒引入复合膜中制备出改性的聚酰胺复合膜,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）和接触角仪等仪器对材料和复合膜进行测定表征.以去离子水为原料液,1mol/L氯化钠溶液为汲取液进行渗透性能测试.选取BSA及SA作为污染物进行污染实验,并利用自制探针,借助原子力显微镜（AFM）测定了污染物与膜面的微观作用力.研究发现,相较于原始的聚酰胺复合膜,当UIO-66材料的添加量为0.04wt%时,改性复合膜在FO模式下的纯水通量由10.28L/（m²·h）增大到13.67L/（m²·h）, PRO模式下纯水通量由17.68L/（m²·h）增大到20.41L/（m²·h）,渗透性能改善效果显著,并具有较好的选择性能.此外,污染实验发现相较于原始膜,改性复合膜的通量衰减趋势较缓且与污染物之间粘附力都较小,说明UIO-66改性聚酰胺复合膜的抗污染性能有所提升.     

一种船舶自修复防腐涂料的制备与表征

以脲醛树脂为囊壁、复合环氧树脂为囊芯,采用原位聚合法成功合成了脲醛树脂包覆环氧树脂体系微胶囊。采用扫描电子显微镜观察微胶囊的表面形貌,测量微胶囊的壁厚;利用红外光谱分析判定微胶囊壁材是否形成,芯材是否被完整包覆。结果表明,应用一步原位聚合法可以制备包覆完整、均匀分散、含有特殊芯材的微胶囊。合成的微胶囊形状基本呈球形,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径约为100μm;胶囊表面粗糙致密,粗糙表面主要是由纳米微胶囊沉积而成。微胶囊表面粗糙度的增加有利于增加微胶囊与基体的接触面积,改善微胶囊与基体的界面粘结力,从而提高自修复材料的修复效率。