北京灵山草地土壤CO2源汇和排放通量与温度湿度昼夜变化的关系

大气中温室气体含量不断升高是造成目前全球变暖的主要原因,而土壤CO2是大气CO2的重要来源之一。研究表明温度、湿度是土壤CO2最主要的气候影响因素,通过对植物夏季雨后次日对土壤CO2排放过程中的源(不同深度土壤CO2体积分数)、汇(大气CO2体积分数)和中间CO2气体交换通量(土壤CO2排放通量)、气温、土温以及表土湿度进行同步连续的昼夜观察,研究日和小时变化尺度上温度和土壤湿度对CO2地气交换的影响。结果表明土壤CO2排放通量、大气CO2和土壤CO2体积分数的昼夜变化特征不一致,只有土壤CO2排放通量与气温变化存在明显的正相关关系,在日变化尺度上随表土湿度增加而增加;表土湿度在日变化尺度和小时变化尺度上与草丛空气CO2体积分数正相关;土壤CO2体积分数则在日变化尺度上当表土湿度较小时与表土湿度正相关。气温主要影响土壤CO2向大气的扩散和对流过程,而不是昼夜尺度上影响土壤CO2体积分数变化的主要环境因素。     

大气CO2体积分数升高环境温度与土壤水分对农田土壤呼吸的影响

植物-土壤生态系统土壤呼吸与温度、水分环境因子的关系对评价目前大气CO2浓度持续升高背景下陆地生态系统土壤碳库的变化趋势具有重要意义.依托FACE(free air carbon dioxide enrichment)技术平台,利用阻断根法,采用LI-6400红外气体分析仪(IRGA)-田间原位测定的方法,研究了大气CO2体积分数升高对稻(Oryza sativa L.)/麦(Triticum aestivum L.)轮作制中麦田的土壤呼吸、基础土壤呼吸和呼吸主要影响因子,分析了大气CO2体积分数升高后温度与水分对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在整个测定期间,土壤呼吸与基础土壤呼吸速率呈明显的季节变化,与气温和土壤温度季节变化趋势基本一致,呼吸速率与温度具有显著的相关性,是影响土壤呼吸的控制性因素;呼吸速率与土壤含水量无显著的相关性,土壤水分是研究区麦田土壤CO2排放的非限制性因素,且温度与土壤含水量间的交互效应对土壤呼吸的影响不显著.基础土壤呼吸比作物下的土壤呼吸更易受温度影响,土壤温度比气温能更好地解释土壤CO2排放的季节性变化.而CO2体积分数增加降低了温度与呼吸速率间的相关系数和Q10,表明温度对土壤CO2排放的影响程度下降.但高CO2体积分数环境中植物-土壤生态系统的土壤呼吸对温度增加敏感性的降低,有利于减缓土壤碳分解损失的速度.结果有助于评价未来高CO2体积分数气候变暖背景下植物-土壤系统下的农田生态系统土壤碳的固定潜力.     

红壤丘陵区晚稻生长期间CO2的排放与固定规律

采用静态箱法对红壤丘陵区稻田生态系统CO2排放与固定进行定位观测.结果表明,晚稻生长期间稻田生态系统CO2通量的日变化随天气条件(晴天、雨天、阴天)的变化而变化,CO2日净固定量在晚稻生长期间波动性很大,最高达10.35 g·m-2·d-1,在晚稻成熟期表现为CO2负固定,为-0.92 g·m-2·d-1;整个晚稻生育期,稻田生态系统CO2累积排放量和土壤呼吸CO2排放量分别为20.4和6.3 t·hm-2,稻田生态系统CO2累积排放量与水稻生物量之间存在极显著幂函数关系.在整个晚稻生育期,稻田生态系统从大气中吸收碳量为3.85 ～4.00 t·hm-2.     

崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统主要温室气体排放特征及影响因素分析

采用静态箱——气相色谱法对崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O排放进行了田间原位观测,并分析了影响温室气体排放的主要因素.结果表明,崇明岛稻麦轮作生态系统中,CH4和N2O的显著排放仅出现在水稻生长季,且透明箱与暗箱测得通量季节变化趋势具有高度一致性;水稻田是CH4和N2O的排放源,是CO2的吸收汇;冬小麦生长季农田表现为CH4的吸收汇,是CO2和N2O的排放源.整个稻麦轮作周期内,CH4、N2O以及暗箱CO2(即呼吸排放CO2)通量与各温度因子呈现出显著或极显著正相关性;CH4通量与土壤含水率、土壤C/N比值均存在极显著正相关性.另外,稻田CH4通量与土壤有机质(SOM)含量之间存在极显著正相关性,与土壤NH+4-N含量呈显著正相关关系;而稻田N2O通量与NO-3-N含量存在极显著正相关关系.     

红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明：红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量（以CH4和N2O-N计）分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系（P〉0.05）。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应（以CO2-eq计）为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应（以CO2-eq计）分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的研究

CH4和N2O是与全球气候变化密切相关的2种主要温室气体,其排放规律以及减排措施已成为当前研究的热点。休闲期抛荒稻田普遍存在于我国西南和南方地区,而对于其CH4和N2O排放规律的研究还比较少。本实验选取江西红壤丘陵区进行观测,于稻田休闲期采用静态箱-气相色谱法进行原位观测,旨在探讨休闲期CH4和N2O的排放规律,可为制定减排措施提供一定的依据。研究结果表明:红壤丘陵区冬闲稻田CH4和N2O平均排放通量(以CH4和N2O-N计)分别为0.03mg.m-2.h-1和3.27μg.m-2.h-1。冬闲期CH4和N2O平均排放通量与土温、降雨量无明显线性关系(P>0.05)。冬闲稻田排放CH4和N2O的综合温室效应(以CO2-eq计)为7.58 g.m-2,其中,CH4和N2O产生的温室效应(以CO2-eq计)分别为2.33和5.25 g.m-2。N2O排放量是冬闲稻田温室气体观测中不可忽视的部分。     

湿地生态系统CO2净交换、水汽通量及二者关系浅析

湿地生态系统碳循环是陆地碳循环研究中的重要组成部分,对于全球变化具有重要意义。水汽通量是影响湿地生态系统碳循环最重要、最基本的生态因子之一,与湿地生态系统CO2净交换密切相关。本文在总结湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量变化基本规律及其主要影响因子的基础上,从宏观和微观2个方面分析二者之间的内在关系。从宏观上看,湿地生态系统本身的特点决定了CO2净交换与水汽通量之间必然是相互影响、相互制约的;就微观而言,叶片尺度上的气孔行为是水分蒸腾和净碳通量这两个生理生态过程相互联系的纽带。最后,对湿地生态系统CO2净交换与水汽通量关系的研究方向提出展望。     

大气CO_2体积分数升高对油松叶片光合生理特性的影响

近年来大气CO2体积分数不断升高,虽然CO2体积分数升高对植物影响的研究已取得一定进展,但目前针对城市森林树种的相关研究甚少。利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2体积分数升高对沈阳市城市森林主要树种油松(PinustabulaefomisCarr.)光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,油松叶片的Chla、Chlb及Chl(a b)质量分数提高,Chla/Chlb值降低,而类胡萝卜素质量分数则呈现出降低—升高—降低的趋势;整个处理期间,净光合速率显著提高,提高幅度为23.68%～133.18%(P<0.05或P<0.01);可溶性蛋白质量分数增加,并随着处理时间延长增加幅度增大,在通气40d时就达到差异极显著水平(P<0.01);大气CO2体积分数升高促进了油松叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉的积累;实验中并未观察到光合下调现象。     

大气CO2体积分数升高对油松叶片光合生理特性的影响

近年来大气CO2体积分数不断升高,虽然CO2体积分数升高对植物影响的研究已取得一定进展,但目前针对城市森林树种的相关研究甚少。利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2体积分数升高对沈阳市城市森林主要树种油松(PinustabulaefomisCarr.)光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,油松叶片的Chla、Chlb及Chl(a b)质量分数提高,Chla/Chlb值降低,而类胡萝卜素质量分数则呈现出降低—升高—降低的趋势;整个处理期间,净光合速率显著提高,提高幅度为23.68%～133.18%(P<0.05或P<0.01);可溶性蛋白质量分数增加,并随着处理时间延长增加幅度增大,在通气40d时就达到差异极显著水平(P<0.01);大气CO2体积分数升高促进了油松叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉的积累;实验中并未观察到光合下调现象。     

干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤CO2排放的主要影响因素

采用静态箱-气象色谱法对干旱区不同种植年限苜蓿人工草地土壤系统、土壤-植被系统的CO2排放通量进行了测定,并对土壤 CO2排放通量的主要影响因素,包括土壤碳氮质量分数、土壤温度、气温、土壤水分体积分数、生物量进行了测定分析,从而得到了苜蓿生长季内CO2排放通量规律及影响土壤CO2排放的主要因素。结果表明：观测期内各个年限土壤-植被系统与土壤系统的CO2排放趋势基本一致,总体表现为4a〉5a〉8a〉3a〉1a,表现出“夏季高秋季低”的季节变化规律,具有明显的季节变化动态,各样地CO2通量在7月中旬达到最高排放通量;土壤CO2排放通量与0~20 cm土层内土壤有机碳质量分数、活性有机碳质量分数、土壤C：N及土壤全N质量分数都具有正相关关系,并且都达到了显著水平;土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm土壤温度和大气温度都有正相关关系,并且显著水平很高（P＜0.001）;土壤CO2排放通量与0~10 cm土壤水分体积分数之间没有显著的相关性（P〉0.05）;土壤CO2排放通量与地上部分生物量的大小有直接的正相关关系,并且CO2排放通量与地上生物量具有相同的变化趋势。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture