试论肥料对农业与环境的影响

以肥料的发展先后，将肥料的发展历史分为有机时代、无机时代和有机无机复合时代；论述肥料对农业和环境的影响，并对未来肥料的发展提出预测和展望。从长远的发展来看，生物肥料不仅可以节省自然资源，而且还可在有机无机复合肥和控释肥料的基础上，以有机复合肥作为基质，利用控释肥料的包膜剂、粘着剂等进行生物肥料优化组合；可以说生物复合肥料将是未来肥料发展的主流。可以预料，未来肥料是实现清洁生产、物质循环、持续发展的中心环节。它不仅可以消纳转化上农业生产和现代生活所产生的废物，而且它所投入的有机复合肥，也是一种对环境友好的绿色肥料。     

无公害农业与合理施肥

滥施肥料是造成环境污染、农产品质量下降的原因。施用化肥与无公害农业并不矛盾，无公害农业更需要优质的化肥。化肥在无公害农业中的作用是不可替代的。只要科学地选择肥料和科学地施用肥料，使有机肥料与化肥有机地结合，使营养元素全面而平衡，不但不会对环境带来污染，而且能改善土壤微生态环境和人类的生存环境，提高农产品的产量和质量，有益于人类的健康。     

书评

农业与肥料:肥料展望-它们在供养这个世界方面的作用,环境挑战,有替代办法吗?Oluf Chr.Bckman,Ola Kaarstad,Ole H.Lie和lan Richards著.Norsk Hydro公司农业集团（1990）.ISBN 82-90861-01-X;245页 Norsk Hydro公司农业集团是年产1200万吨肥料的生产者,它在这本书中清楚地表明它对农业的未来有明显的兴趣。它也有一个关于农业和肥料使用的大型知识库,是公司85年来作为国际市场上的肥料生产商的经验积累。     

广东省肥料使用存在问题及对策

广东省肥料使用存在问题及对策林翠兰，叶细养，卢金贵（广东省土壤肥料总站，广州５１０５００）（广东省农科院科技处，广州５１０６４０）作物生长需要各种养分，按其所需合理供给各种养分就能促进它旺盛生长．在农业生产上来说就是合理施肥．施肥是保持农业持续发展的...     

稀土肥料在农业可持续发展中的应用

阐述了农作物施用稀土肥料的效果和作用机理，提出了农业生产中合理使用稀土肥料应注意的问题，强调指出，只有在加强农田施肥和栽培管理的基础上配以高产栽培技术，按照不同农作物的生长规律和丰产规律适时适量地施用稀土肥料，才能有效地发挥稀土肥料的作用，达到以提高作物产量、改善作物品质、增强作物抗逆能力的效果。     

科学施肥与农业生产可持续发展

化肥的施用，实现了农业的增产，一百多年来为解决中国人民的温饱问题做出了重大贡献。肥料仍然是粮食安全的重要保障。但不合理施用化肥造成环境污染和食品安全问题，使人们产生了对化肥的错误认识。文章认为必须树立起科学施肥的观念，努力提高化肥利用率，形成有机、无机肥料合理配合使用的格局，促进农业生产可持续发展。此外，还认为应加强肥料市场管理，使之有法可依，并能迎接入世的挑战。     

试论我国有机无机肥料的配合施用

有机肥是我国肥料结构中的重要组成部分，是我国肥料中磷钾和微量元素的主要来源．有机无机肥料配合施用对于提高作物产量和农业持续发展具有重要意义．传统有机肥的生产和投入方式难以适应现代农业的需求．商品有机无机复肥是有机无机肥料配合施用的有力措施，它将推进有机农业现代化的发展．本文还讨论了有机无机肥料配合施用的一些基本原理．     

南京古泉农村生态工程设计和建设的研究—Ⅲ.纯施肥塘的水质与鱼产品产量和质量关系的比较研究

本文对纯施沼肥养鱼与纯施鸡粪养鱼池塘的水质，肥料品质及鱼产品质量等进行了全面的分析测定。结果表明，有机粪肥经沼池厌氧发酵报到施入鱼塘比直接施入鱼塘的效果好得多，不仅水质好，鱼产量高（亩产808kg），鱼肉质好，而且肥料系数低，有明显的经济效益和生态效益，表明农业有机废弃物经厌氧发酵是实现铒料百分比的一条好途径。     

沼气发酵在复合农业生态系统中的作用

沼气发酵系统是复合农业生态系统中物质循环和能量转化的枢纽。它以农业有机废弃物为原料，经厌氧消化，生产出高效、洁净、多用途的燃料、饲料和肥料。本文论说了开展沼气发酵对保护农村生态环境。促进生态农业发展所具有的重要意义，提出了目前我国沼气发展过程中存在的一些问题和今后应采取的措施。     

新型城市环卫和用水基础设施

“生态环卫”技术提供了共同解决两个关键水难题的办法：如何使世界缺乏用水和卫生设备的人数比例下降一半；如何解决湖泊、水库和内海的富营养化，氮和磷超标，主要来源于城市污水和农业肥料的流失，尿液和粪便（特别是尿液）含有氮和磷，一个新的人类废物管理办法，有可能使这些物质在农业领域循环。     

区域生态环境质量评价研究进展与展望

提高生态环境质量已成为当前人民保障生活质量的迫切需求,进行生态环境质量评价是生态建设和保护环境的重要基础工作。通过对国内外文献进行统计和分析,得出如下结论。①形式方面:20年来国际国内在生态环境质量评价方面进行了大量的研究工作且10年来加速上升,研究成果主要以期刊、学位论文、会议论文和专著等媒介展现。②内容方面:同期相比,国外的研究主要集中于各专题如水环境、气环境和土壤环境的分析及某些典型的区域问题解决。我国虽起步稍晚,在国家和省部级政府的倡导与支持下发展迅速且紧跟国际前沿,以基础和应用研究、工程技术、政策指导和行业技术指导等为导向,体现出服务于经济发展、注重实践和方法创新的特色。③手段方面:遥感和地理信息系统等高技术手段在环境质量评价方面发挥了很大的作用,有巨大的潜力和广阔的前景,发达国家更着重于环境因素的深入定量分析遥感反演,发展中国家更着重于宏观层面上的信息获取和综合质量评价应用。④内涵方面:现有的工作可归为生态环境质量评价的生态环境遥感信息获取、评价指标体系构建、不同尺度对象的评价、评价技术手段和方法模型探索以及评价思路视野目标几个侧重面。⑤局限方面:通过纵观近期的研究进展和发展趋势分析,总结出现阶段的局限主要体现在评价指标选择偏主观、评价模型偏模糊、评价对象对象尺度和属性认识偏笼统和定量遥感信息的应用不足等问题。⑥展望方面:建议今后的研究多注重于人口数量和结构对生态环境的影响、分析各指标因素间的内在联系与影响机理、充分发掘和利用遥感定量信息、评价模型基于时代经济特色和对象客观条件和功能的理想值参照等,以期待提高生态环境质量评价工作的效率和深度。     

光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响

以烤烟（Nicotiana tabacum）云烟87为材料,在烤烟团棵期和打顶期用透光率相近的有色薄膜分别对其进行遮光处理直到采收结束,研究光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响。结果表明：蓝光有促进烟株生殖生长和延缓烟叶成熟的作用,红光、黄光和白光对烟株的生育进程无明显影响,打顶期遮光有延长烟株大田生育期的趋势。光质对叶片生长发育影响最大,红光和蓝光的影响效应主要表现在烟叶生育前期,黄光和白光的影响效应主要体现在烟叶生育后期。自然光和红膜下烟株的农艺性状综合表现最好,红光有促进烟茎生长和叶片发育的作用,蓝光和黄光则抑制茎干生长和降低叶面积。烟株生长前期增加红光比例有助于初烤烟叶主要经济性状的改善,后期蓝光的作用逐渐凸显。烟株不同生长时期红光和黄光的适当组合在改善烟叶品质中起着重要作用,烟株生长前期增加红光比例有利于降低初烤烟叶烟碱和蛋白质含量,提高糖类物质含量和评吸质量,但对氧化钾含量作负效应贡献;烟株生长后期提高黄光比例可使初烤烟叶的化学成分更为协调,对吸食品质有较好的提升作用。     

On the role of entropy in water quality modelling

The use of the entropy principle in phenomenological water quality models is not only necessary, but also of great advantage. A deterministic ecosystem model must obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Gibb's equation is a constraint additional to the balances of mass, energy and momentum. The entropy principle supports the unified treatment of physical, chemical and biological processes in water bodies, offers stability criteria and controls the further development of the aquatic ecosystems. Thermodynamic criteria also allow the determination of the bifurcation points of the model equations. Especially near these points the state and structure of the ecosystem can be strongly changed by fluctuations of the variables and parameters of the ecosystem.Results of the thermodynamic theory of selforganizing systems (Glansdorff and Prigogine, 1971; Nicolis and Prigogine, 1977) are of very great importance for water quality modelling. Furthermore, the entropy principle bridges the phenomenological, stochastic and cybernetic approaches to water quality modelling.While the paper deals with general aspects of the role of entropy in water quality modelling, the basic system of equations, taking the entropy principle into account, can be found in a previous paper (Mauersberger, 1978).     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Xinjiang plain area

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the urban and rural residents in the plain area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The quality of groundwater has a direct relationship with human health. Thus, 386 groundwater samples collected from April to August in 2003 were analyzed. The samples were collected in basic evaluation units which are determined on the basis of watersheds. Total dissolved solids, total hardness, pH value, NH₃-N, C₆H₅OH, Chemiluminescence detection of permanganate index (COD_Mn) and intestinal germ group were evaluated according to the guidelines of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93). The quality of the groundwater in each evaluation unit was classified by using the One Veto Method (a unified approach stipulated by the Ministry of Water Resources). The results indicate that the groundwater in the mainstream area of the Tarim Basin and the Yerqiang River Sub-basin belongs to Category V; the groundwater in the Wulungu River Sub-basin, the Kaidu-Kongque River Sub-basin, the Kashgar River Sub-basin, the Cherchen River Sub-basin and the Hotan River Subbasin belongs to Category IV; the groundwater in the Aibi Lake System belongs to Category II, and the groundwater of other evaluation units belongs to Category III. The causes of water quality formation were concisely analyzed. The results can be useful for the evaluation and management of water resources in the Xinjiang Plain Area.     

Evaluation of tests to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils

An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays: plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively), these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable. Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC₅₀ (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC₂₀ (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC₂₀ (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods, in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly.     

闽西梅花山自然保护区环境质量研究

通过对闽西梅花山自然保护区水体、大气、土壤环境质量的采样、分析，查明了保护区三大环境要素水、气、土中污染物的含量，结果表明，该保护区的核心区基本未受人类活动的影响，其环境质量接近自然本底值。     

A proposed methodology for assessing the quality of wildlife habitat

Measurement of the quality and quantity of wildlife habitat is a necessity in planning and analyzing water resource projects. A methodology that provides a means of examining the following major components of habitat quality is proposed: (1) the quantity of land uses, (2) the degree of interspersion of land use, aand (3) the stage of land management and vegetative types. The model can be calibrated to a specific region by experienced wildlife biologists and applied by field technicians using aerial photographs and field evaluation of randomly located points. Biologists familiar with a region develop transformation curves relating variables that represent the above three major components to standardizing factors that range from 0 to 1; these transformation curves reflect the sensitivity of wildlife populations to determinants of habitat quality. The methodology also provides the means for biologists to weigh each components as to its relative importance to the wildlife group or species. A weighted geometric mean of the components provides an indication of the overall quality of the habitat. Changes in the habitat components that may occur because of alternative project actions can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the alternatives. The change in the index of habitat quality will indicate the need for mitigation in water resource projects. The system then can be used to identify areas for mitigation and the effects of mitigating measures.