气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮校准曲线斜率、截距参考值研究

主要阐述了气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮的校准曲线斜率、截距参考值的分析.文章收集了临安市环境监测站实验室自2012年以来气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮校准曲线制作的一系列原始数据,并通过数理统计方法对校准曲线、残余标准偏差、斜率扩展不确定度、截距扩展不确定度开展了详细讨论,得出气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮校准曲线截距a值、斜率b值实验室参考值.此结果对实验室分析人员判定氨氮项目校准曲线制作是否合格具有一定的参考价值.     

亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线斜率、截距参考值研究

通过近三年实验室采用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线制作的一系列原始数据的收集,并通过数理统计方法对校准曲线、-余标准偏差、斜率扩展不确定度、截距扩展不确定度开展了详细讨论,得出亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线斜率(b)参考范围为:0.019 1±0.00044,截距(a)参考值范围:0.003 3±0.005 0.此结果对实验室分析人员判定硫化物项目校准曲线制作是否合格具有一定的参考价值.     

测定地表水中黄磷的分光光度法研究

应用环己烷萃取地表水中微量黄磷,用溴水消解处理有机相将黄磷定量转化为磷酸盐,以磷酸盐标准溶液制作校准曲线,用钼/锑/抗分光光度法测定磷酸盐。对方法的空白控制、萃取回收率、氧化转化率、测量精密度等问题进行探讨。实验证明,以磷酸盐标准溶液制作校准曲线测定地表水中的黄磷,方法检测结果准确可靠。     

校准曲线中可疑值的统计检验

<正> 校准曲线是用于描述待测物质的浓度或含量与相应测量仪器的响应量或其他指示量之间的定量关系曲线。校准曲线制作的好坏,直接影响到试样测定结果的准确度。人们在制作校准曲线时,常常会发现其中某个测定点有明显的偏离现象,但又不知引起偏离的任何原因,此时,既不能轻意地保留该点值,亦不能随意地舍去,应藉助于数理统计方法来判定。数理统计是以概率论为基础的专门研究     

HP样品制备站／气相色谱联机系统在苯系物和氯苯类化合物分析中的应用

在定量分析实验中，制备系列标准溶液及校准曲线的制作 ，可以通过一个ＨＰ７６８６样品制备站／ＨＰ６８９０气相我谱联机系统自动完成，该文应用上述联机系统于苯系物和氯苯类化合物的毛管气相色谱分析中，在低溶度范围获得线性响应良好的校准曲线， 分析结果的准确度和精密度。     

对甲醛法测定二氧化硫的疑议

采用3种方法分别制作的SO2校准曲线无显著差异，且斜率一致，测定标准样品均在保证值范围之内，说明省略标定NaSO3的过程是可行的，同时对甲醛法给定的浓度范围和斜率值进行质疑。     

环境监测分析中校准曲线的检验

介绍了环境监测分析中核准曲线的各种检验方法，包括相关系数的检验，回归系数的检验，校准曲线的斜率检验，校准曲线的截距检验等，并对各种检验方法的适用范围及相关统计量作了讨论。     

检验校准曲线准确性方法探讨

在使用分光光度法进行样品测定时，校准曲线的相关系数r值达到O．999以上，仅仅表示实验的精密性较好，而该曲线能否使用必须对其准确性进行检验与判断。本文提出了使用校准曲线斜率均值控制图对校准曲线的准确性进行检验与判断的方法，在实际应用中取得了满意的效果。     

Excel在环境监测校准曲线分析方法中的应用

本文介绍了环境监测中校准曲线的分析方法，重点介绍了Excel软件在校准曲线检验方法中的应用。此应用给日常的监测工作带来了很大方便。     

校准曲线的斜率是水环境样品分析质量控制的关键因素

国家水环境监测技术规范中，只提出校准曲线的相关系数，截距、斜率的检验方法，但就各个项目的分析方法中未直接给出标曲斜率的取值范围，大气监测规范中，就给出了各个项目分析标示曲的斜率范围，本文以氰化物比对试验为例，论证了校准曲线斜率的取值范围关系分析结果的准确性。     

Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions

The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both climate research and policy. Presumably the interest in synergies springs from the appeal of creating win–win situations by implementing a single climate policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities and uncertainty surrounding their efficiency and effectiveness present major challenges to the widespread development of synergies. There are also increasing calls for research to define the optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation. These calls are based on the misguided assumption that there is one single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation options for all possible scenarios of climate and socio-economic change, notwithstanding uncertainty and irrespective of the diversity of values and preferences in society. In the face of current uncertainty, research is needed to provide guidance on how to develop a socially and economically justifiable mix of mitigation, adaptation and development policy, as well as on which elements would be part of such a mix. Moreover, research is needed to establish the conditions under which the process of mainstreaming can be most effective. Rather than actually developing and implementing specific mitigation and adaptation options, the objective of climate policy should be to facilitate such development and implementation as part of sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs to focus on the optimal use and expected effectiveness of financial instruments, taking into account the mutual effects between these instruments on the one hand, and national and international sectoral investments and official development assistance on the other.     

Biochar: A review of its impact on pesticide behavior in soil environments and its potential applications

Biochar is produced from the pyrolysis of carbon-rich plant- and animal-residues under low oxygen and high temperature conditions and has been increasingly used for its positive role in soil compartmentalization through activities such as carbon sequestration and improving soil quality. Biochar is also considered a unique adsorbent due to its high specific surface area and highly carbonaceous nature. Therefore, soil amendments with small amounts of biochar could result in higher adsorption and, consequently, decrease the bioavailability of contaminants to microbial communities, plants, earthworms, and other organisms in the soil. However, the mechanisms affecting the environmental fate and behavior of organic contaminants, especially pesticides in biochar-amended soil, are not well understood. The purpose of this work is to review the role of biochar in primary processes, such as adsorption–desorption and leaching of pesticides. Biochar has demonstrable effects on the fate and effects of pesticides and has been shown to affect the degradation and bioavailability of pesticides for living organisms. Moreover, some key aspects of agricultural and environmental applications of biochar are highlighted.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

流动性视角下的国土空间安全及规划应对策略

人员、物资、能源资源等要素在不同层级空间的频繁流动,持续重构人类活动与自然环境关系,并对国土空间安全产生影响。从流动性视角进行国土空间安全探讨,提出在活动承载安全、资源与生态安全基础上,应考虑要素流动与人类活动、资源环境的耦合性及其潜在风险。流动性与国土空间安全的关系可以从“流”空间与场所空间耦合、“供—流—需”协调与资源配置安全、要素流与国土空间系统韧性三个方面来表征。以生态、水、粮食、经济、社会等安全塑造为目标,立足于各类要素流对人地关系系统影响的不确定性,以及自然灾害、突发公共安全事件等极端条件下的流动性风险,通过合理引导资源配置、科学布局国土空间要素等手段,实现人类活动、自然环境系统之间的自适应与良性反馈调节,形成安全韧性的国土空间格局与框架。在国土空间规划中,需要进行要素流与国土空间开发保护的耦合协调性分析评价,建立“形”与“流”结合的国土空间结构优化分析方法,增强不同空间的功能弹性以适应要素流动和活动集聚的不确定性,建立供需协同的国土空间支撑体系。研究对提升国土空间可持续发展水平以及保障人类生存安全具有重要意义。     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

污泥与煤混烧动力学及常规污染物排放分析

采用热重分析法研究了不同污泥掺烧比例及不同加热速率时污泥与煤的热失重特性.探讨了掺烧污泥对煤燃烧特性的影响,分析了掺入污泥对煤的燃烧变化规律,并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,加热速率增加时,样品的失重速率增大,开始失重温度及最终燃尽温度升高.掺烧时的TG曲线在400~600℃时有一个明显的失重阶段.失重速率峰值随着掺烧比的提高而升高,对应的温度降低.掺烧污泥后的混合样品的燃烧温度范围比单一燃煤时少20~100℃.非等温动力学模型分析可得,少量的污泥与煤掺烧时所需的活化能与煤较接近,对煤的正常燃烧影响不大.不同比例掺烧时产生的烟气中NOx、SO2、CO2生成量及减排规律因N、S、C含量不同而各有差异.热重分析及模型分析法可以为不同理化特性的煤与污泥掺烧提供初始理论依据.     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

流域土壤基质与非点源磷污染物作用的3种模式及其环境意义

以华北地区典型农业流域为研究对象,针对流域不同空间分布和干扰程度下的土壤基质与污染径流中磷素的相互作用过程进行了模拟研究.研究发现,土壤基质与磷的作用过程呈3种模式,持留型、释放型及持留-释放转换型.持留型土壤基质对污染径流中磷酸盐具有较强的吸附作用,能有效持留径流中的磷素;释放型土壤基质则以解吸过程为主导,向径流中释放大量的磷素;持留-释放转换型土壤基质则呈动态性,当径流中磷酸盐含量较低时,解吸过程占优,以磷素释放为主,当径流中磷酸盐含量较高时,吸附过程占优,以磷素持留为主.结果表明,在自然环境及人类干扰的作用下,流域异质性景观下的土壤基质与非点源污染物的作用过程差异明显,其生态功能具有时空动态性.从非点源污染发生的角度来看,在空间上,土壤基质可成为污染物的汇或释放源;在时间上,同一区域存在源-汇功能的动态转化.因此,异质性景观中土壤基质与污染物作用过程动态机制的认识与判定,对于流域尺度上有效控制非点源污染十分关键.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.