不同地貌类型区自然村落生态系统的比较分析

本文运用调查方法,定量分析不同地貌类型区(山区丘陵、山前平原、低平原和滨海平原)表征村落生态系统结构和功能的几个指标的变化。结果表明:1.平原地带的庭院面积大于丘陵山区,主要是由于地形及土地利用政策的影响;2.庭院经济收入取决于庭院面积与经营程度;3.村落规模、密度的变化与农田生产力变化一致;4.适当增加村落密度,控制村落规模,有利于缩短耕作半径,提高劳动生产率。     

东北漫岗区村落的分布特征分析

对黑龙江省绥化市的6个村落、九三垦区鹤山农场的8个村落和嫩江县双山镇的蔡窑村进行实地考察。依据鹤山农场1980-1995年气温、日照时数、风速、降水量和≥5级风日数的气象资料,同时考虑到地形、土壤等因素,分析了东北漫岗区村落分布的特征,即：日照和太阳辐射影响了村落分布的坡向,就不同坡向而言,村落分布数量大小顺序为：东南坡、西南坡、东北坡、西北坡;风影响室温,并可能对房屋造成破坏,故大部分村落分布在坡中部以下;降水量和土壤特性决定了村落的分布下限;地理环境因素和人的选择性、能动性共同决定了东北漫岗区村落呈狭长形沿坡分布。     

西藏高原农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

以西藏贡嗄县为研究对象，运用生态学原理，定量估算了西藏高原农业生态系统中氮素循环的数量特征，为该系统的调控与结构优化提供了理论依据。     

西藏高原农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

以西藏贡嘎县为研究对象，运用生态学原理，定量估算了西藏高原农业生态系统中氮素循环的数量特征，为该系统的调控与结构优化提供了理论依据。     

岩溶生态系统的土壤

岩溶生态系统的土壤是岩溶地区岩石、大气、水、生物等四大圈层相互作用的产物，成土速率较慢，土壤剖面和空间分布受地貌演化阶段和岩溶双层空间结构的控制。在碳酸盐岩的差异侵蚀和土壤丧失的作用下，岩溶生态系统的土壤逐渐向裂隙和低洼部位退缩，形成景观中的土壤资源斑块，成为岩溶生态系统的养分库、水库和种子库，这种自然演替形成的小尺度上的土壤斑块和生境异质性对于维持岩溶景观的健康状况是非常重要的。今后的研究应着重从岩溶表层生态系统的运行过程中来把握岩溶生态系统土壤的动态特征和相互间的反馈关系。     

Spatial statistics for modeling of abundance and distribution of wildlife species in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

This study illustrates the use of modern statistical procedures for better wildlife management by addressing three key issues: determination of abundance, modeling of animal distributions and variability of diversity in space and time. Prior information in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is used to improve estimates of abundance. Measures of autocorrelation are included when modeling distributions of animal counts, and a diversity index to indicate species abundance and richness for large herbivores is developed. Data from the Masai Mara ecosystem in Kenya are used to develop and demonstrate these procedures. The new abundance estimates are up to 35% more accurate than those obtained by existing methods. Significant temporal changes in spatial patterns are found from a space-time analysis of elephant counts over a 20-year period, with strong interactions over 5 km and 6 months space and time separations, respectively. The new diversity index is sensitive to both high abundance and species richness and is also able to capture year to year variation. It indicates an overall marginal decrease in diversity for large herbivores in the Mara ecosystem. The space-time analyses and diversity index can easily be computed thereby providing tools for rapid decision making.     

Two-way coupling versus one-way forcing of plankton and fish models to predict ecosystem changes in the Benguela

‘End-to-end’ models have been adopted in an attempt to capture more of the processes that influence the ecology of marine ecosystems and to make system wide predictions of the effects of fishing and climate change. Here, we develop an end-to-end model by coupling existing models that describe the dynamics of low (ROMS–N₂P₂Z₂D₂) and high trophic levels (OSMOSE). ROMS–N₂P₂Z₂D₂ is a biogeochemical model representing phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics forced by hydrodynamics in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem. OSMOSE is an individual-based model representing the dynamics of several species of fish, linked through opportunistic and size-based trophic interactions. The models are coupled through a two-way size-based predation process. Plankton provides prey for fish, and the effects of predation by fish on the plankton are described by a plankton mortality term that is variable in space and time. Using the end-to-end model, we compare the effects of two-way coupling versus one-way forcing of the fish model with the plankton biomass field. The fish-induced mortality on plankton is temporally variable, in part explained by seasonal changes in fish biomass. Inclusion of two-way feedback affects the seasonal dynamics of plankton groups and usually reduces the amplitude of variation in abundance (top-down effect). Forcing and coupling lead to different predicted food web structures owing to changes in the dominant food chain which is supported by plankton (bottom-up effect). Our comparisons of one-way forcing and two-way coupling show how feedbacks may affect abundance, food web structure and food web function and emphasise the need to critically examine the consequences of different model architectures when seeking to predict the effects of fishing and climate change.     

磷形态对磷在水-沉水植物-底质中分配的影响

研究了以磷酸二氢钾、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钠、ATP-Na为磷源的Hoagkand培养液培养黑藻时，不同形态磷进入水体后在上覆水、黑藻和底质中分配及含量的变化；获得各物质形态磷在水-沉水植物-底质中的分配比例。研究结果表明，水体中磷丰要分配在上覆水和底质中，不同形态磷分配比例不同。黑藻对各形态磷均能吸收利用，吸收最相对较少，受水体中磷形态的影响。当外源磷增加时，磷在上覆水和底质中的分配比例趋于平衡，平衡点因外源磷形态的不同而变化。沉水植物足水体中磷在上覆水与底质中分配的重要影响因素。底质对磷的吸附作用相对沉水植物对磷分配的影响较小。     

近50年贵州净生态系统生产力时空分布特征

利用大气植被相互作用模型AVIM2(Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model 2)估算分析了时间长度为50年、空间分辨率为0.02°×0.02°的贵州净生态系统生产力(NEP),分析了其对气候变化的响应。结果表明,(1) AVIM2模型能够模拟出贵州森林净初级生产力(NPP)的变化,模拟偏差随着树龄的增大而不断减小,其模拟效果优于综合模型。(2)1961-2010年,贵州NEP(以C计)平均值为23.9 g·m-2·a-1,碳源区面积比例仅为5%,且植被覆盖类型为南部部分常绿阔叶林。NEP总量的变动范围为-7.0~11.5 Tg ·a-1,平均每年吸收碳4.87Tg,碳汇量占中国区域的3~7%。(3)贵州境内31%的区域固碳能力下降明显(P<0.05)且主要集中在植被类型为常绿针叶林及农作物的北部地区,还有7%的区域固碳能力升高明显(P<0.05)且位于南部部分常绿阔叶林地区。(4)贵州NEP与气温显著负相关(P<0.01),与降水量显著正相关(P<0.05),气温对NEP的影响大于降水。     

Updating coarse-scale species distribution models using small fine-scale samples

Large, fine-grained samples are ideal for predictive species distribution models used for management purposes, but such datasets are not available for most species and conducting such surveys is costly. We attempted to overcome this obstacle by updating previously available coarse-grained logistic regression models with small fine-grained samples using a recalibration approach. Recalibration involves re-estimation of the intercept or slope of the linear predictor and may improve calibration (level of agreement between predicted and actual probabilities). If reliable estimates of occurrence likelihood are required (e.g., for species selection in ecological restoration) calibration should be preferred to other model performance measures. This updating approach is not expected to improve discrimination (the ability of the model to rank sites according to species suitability), because the rank order of predictions is not altered. We tested different updating methods and sample sizes with tree distribution data from Spain. Updated models were compared to models fitted using only fine-grained data (refitted models). Updated models performed reasonably well at fine scales and outperformed refitted models with small samples (10-100 occurrences). If a coarse-grained model is available (or could be easily developed) and fine-grained predictions are to be generated from a limited sample size, updating previous models may be a more accurate option than fitting a new model. Our results encourage further studies on model updating in other situations where species distribution models are used under different conditions from their training (e.g., different time periods, different regions).     

生态系统服务价值评估的研究进展

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学和环境经济学的研究焦点。首先回顾了国内外关于生态系统服务功能的概念和分类的研究;其次根据发展历程分析了国外生态系统服务价值的评估研究;然后从全国、区域以及单个生态系统等方面探讨国内生态系统服务价值评估的研究。最后指出现有生态系统服务价值评估研究中的不足及今后发展方向,以期丰富生态系统服务价值评估理论。     

华南退化生态系统三种典型生态恢复模式的小气候效应研究

为了评价南亚热带典型退化生态系统典型生态恢复模式的小气候调节效应,从而为退化生态系统生态恢复方式和造林树种的选择提供参照,作者在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的3种典型生态恢复模式样地,自然恢复草坡、马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）、马占相思林（Acacia mangium）中安装了HOBO小气候仪,对光辐射、风速风向、降水、土壤含水量、地温、气温等小气候指标进行为期1年的自动观测,并进行了对比分析,结果表明,（1）华南退化生态系统3种典型生态恢复模式具有不同的小气候效应,在林间温度调节方面,人工林和草坡的平均林间温度相差不大,但草坡的最低、最高温度均比人工林低和高。人工林的林间温度变化较草坡小,具有更好的保温调节作用。对比2种人工林,不管是平均温度还是最高温度马占相思林都略大于针叶林,而二者最低温度相差不明显。针叶林的保温调节作用略优于阔叶的马占相思林;（2）在土壤温度方面,地表温度全年基本都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,草坡的地表温度的波动远大于2种人工林;全年20 cm土壤温度3─12月都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,1─2月相反,草坡20 cm土层的土壤温度波动相对较大,人工林的波动很小。（3）3种恢复模式中,自然恢复草坡的辐射强度明显高于2种人工林,年辐射总量分别马占相思林和针叶林的1.9和5.8倍,马占相思林的年辐射量为针叶林的3倍。人工林,特别是乡土的针叶林能给林下生物构建更为稳定、适中的辐射环境。（4）人工林的平均林间风速、最大阵风风速均少于草坡,针叶林的风速小于阔叶林,针叶林降低风速的效果好于相思林和草坡。（5）人工林的林间相对湿度均高于草坡,针叶林的林间空气湿度略大于相思林,针叶林的保湿效果更好。在退化生态系统恢复过程中?     

土地生态系统健康研究的主要内容及面临的问题

生态系统健康研究是资源环境可持续利用研究中的一个热点。在归纳土地生态系统具有尺度的宏观性、对象的地域性、空间的开放性和动态性、问题的复杂性等特征的基础上，提出了开展土地生态系统健康研究的内容应包括土地生态系统健康的机理、评价和管理等三个主要方面。结合我国的土地资源状况，指出我国开展土地生态系统健康研究面临着包括人口密度过大，土地资源压力大；我国地域辽阔，气候类型多样，社会经济区域发展不均衡，全国各地土地生态系统的区域分异性很强等主要问题。     

紫外线B对海洋生态系统的影响

近年来随着臭氧损失现象日益严重，到达地球表面的紫外线B辐射不断加强，海洋生态系统受到了前所未有的威胁。UV-B的增强改变了生物体赖以生存的水体环境，影响了浮游植物对营养盐的吸收同化，抑制了浮游植物的光合作用，从而减少了海洋对CO2的吸收能力，其结果直接增加了温室效应。同时UV-B也直接影响生态系统食物链的各个营养级，伤害海洋病毒、细菌和浮游植物，降低浮游动物和仔稚鱼的成活率，进而影响到整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。