APDC-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中铅、镉的研究

通过试验研究,建立了硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解、APDC-MIBK萃取火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中的铅、镉.该方法铅的检出限为2mg/kg,镉的检出限为0.2mg/kg(按称取0.5g试样消解定容至50ml计算),用于不同地域堆肥样品测定,铅、镉的相对标准偏差(RsD)分别为2.29%～8.16%和5.17%～11.7%,加标回收率介于86.8%～107.2%和88.0%～108.0%之间.     

微波消解体系与聚四氟乙烯滤膜对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用4种微波消解体系对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、As、Cd 5种重金属元素含量,并计算其空白加标和样品加标回收率,建立了测定PTFE材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品中重金属元素的最优微波消解体系。结果表明,4种消解体系下,空白加标回收率和样品加标回收率均处于合理范围,分别为95.3%~116.3%和93.3%~118.5%。其中,HNO3放置过夜+H2O2消解体系具有空白值低、测定稳定性强、操作简便、绿色环保、对人体健康危害小等优点,能够满足大批量PM2.5样品中重金属总量的快速、高效、准确分析的要求。     

湛江南桥河、北桥河水重金属含量及分布的研究

通过硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解样品,采用ICP-AES法测定了河水中锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铁、铬、铜等重金属元素的含量,并分析了这些重金属元素在不同河段、不同水期含量的分布情况。测定结果的RSD<9%,加标回收率在86.0%~103.4%之间,检出限在0.832~2.42μg/L之间,该方法快速、稳定、效果较好。     

密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定大气颗粒物PM10中的18种无机元素

建立了测定大气颗粒物PM10中18种无机元素的密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法。考察了微波消解体系和消解条件,选取了适宜的仪器工作条件和最佳的分析谱线,合理地进行了背景扣除,并对共存元素的干扰情况进行了研究。样品采用硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸体系进行消解并经饱和硼酸溶液络合后上机测定,测定值与参考样品标准值相符,主量元素的方法精密度(RSD%)小于3%,次量、微量元素的方法精密度小于10%。各元素的检出限在0.0001~0.0141mg/L之间,回收率在90%~110%之间,应用建立的方法对北京市的颗粒物膜样品进行了分析。     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定生活污水中的微量砷

采用硝酸-高氯酸微波消解水样,在盐酸介质中以硫脲-抗坏血酸处理样品,以硼氰化钾的氢氧化钠溶液为还原剂,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定生活污水中的痕量砷.方法检出限＜0.02μg/L,精密度0.14%,加标回收率92%～108%,操作简单,结果准确,重现性好.     

高压密闭消解土壤砷、汞、铅、镉酸体系比较

采用高压密闭消解系统消解土壤,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定As和Hg,石墨炉原子吸收光度法(GF-AAS)测定Pb和Cd,对比了不同消解酸体系对国家土壤标准参考样中As、Hg、Pb、Cd的消解效果。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸体系对As、Hg、Pb和Cd的消解平均回收率分别为26.1%、100.6%、69.7%、87.3%;硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸体系中As、Hg、Pb和Cd消解平均回收率分别为109.9%、84.7%、87.5%、90.1%;硝酸-双氧水体系对Hg、Pb、Cd消解平均回收率分别为104.8%、95.1%、93.3%,对As的回收率虽只有69.2%,但数据精密度最好。此外,从简化试验步骤,减少误差,提高检测效率及减少试验危险性等方面综合评价,认为硝酸-双氧水消解体系是采用高压密闭系统消解土壤重金属的最理想酸体系。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中铅

建立了硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解、火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中铅的方法,试验了不同消解体系和共存离子对测定的影响.方法线性良好,检出限为20 mg/kg(按称取0.5 g试样消解定容至50 mL计算),对不同地域堆肥产品测定的RSD为2.6%～8.7%,加标回收率为89.0%～107%.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰矿恢复区植物中重金属

采用硝酸-高氯酸消解体系、火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰矿恢复区植物中重金属元素。方法线性良好,锰、铅、铜、铬、镉的检出限分别为0．026mg／L、0．011mg／L、0．004mg,／L、0．025mg／L、0．001mg／L,标准样品的测定结果符合要求,植物样品平行测定的RSD≤1．6％,加标回收率为83．4％-97．6％。     

聚氨酯泡塑预富集-石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铊

水样经硝酸和过氧化氢消解,Tl~+被氧化为Tl~(3+),在王水和Fe~(3+)介质中,TlCl~-_4被聚氨酯泡塑吸附富集,沸水脱附后用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定。用硝酸钯-抗坏血酸基体改进剂提高测定灵敏度,方法在0μg/L～25.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.01μg/L。实际样品加标后6次测定结果的RSD为3.0%～11.0%,平均加标回收率为95.0%～99.8%。有证标准物质的测定结果在标准值范围内,相对误差为-4.8%。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定废水中20种元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法,同时测定了废水中Be、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Hg、Tl、Pb、Th、U等20种元素,比较了5种不同消解体系对废水样品的加标回收结果,确定采用硝酸+过氧化氢消解体系。Hg在0.050μg/L～2.00μg/L、其他元素在5.00μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.01μg/L～0.2μg/L,国家有证标准物质的测定结果符合要求,废水样品平行测定的RSD为2.6%～6.5%,加标回收率为84%～110%。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.