滇池福保湾沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量估算

对滇池福保湾沉积物间隙水及近界面上覆水中溶解性重金属含量进行分析,并根据Fick定律计算出沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量.结果表明,福保湾水体中重金属含量的平均值(以μg·1-1计)分别为:Fe 25.53,Cu 30.58,Zn 221.67,Ni 15.93,Co 1.91,Cd 1.12,Cr 19.26,Pb 31.08,As 9.41,符合国家Ⅱ类地表水质标准.沉积物-上覆水界面附近水体微量重金属浓度一般都明显高于孔隙水的相应浓度(As除外),根据Fick扩散定律计算出沉积物对上覆水中重金属的年吸附量(以kg计)分别为:Fe 3.48,Cu 8.70,Zn 70.66,Ni 4.52,Co 0.16,Cd 0.31,Cr 1.55,Pb 12.03,As 0.38.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽胞杆菌吸附/释放金属离子的影响

针对重金属及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)复合污染问题,以蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)复合菌为吸附材料,研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌吸附及释放金属离子的影响.结果表明,蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌对低浓度的Pb(II)(0.712mg·L-1)、Zn(II)(4.844mg·L-1)具有快速、高效、稳定的吸附能力,最高吸附率分别达到98.31%和97.83%;对低浓度的Cu(II)(1.915mg·L-1)也能起到一定的去除作用,吸附率最高可达59.90%.复合菌吸附重金属离子的同时,释放了其他金属离子:Ca(II)、K(I)、Na(I),且释放总量大于吸附总量.不同浓度的BDE209对复合菌吸附重金属产生不同的影响.1mg·L-1的BDE209基本表现为促进复合菌对重金属的吸附;而10mg·L-1的BDE209在0～4h之间促进复合菌对Pb(II)、Zn(II)的吸附,在反应4h后明显抑制吸附作用,而对Cu(II)则始终表现为促进作用.BDE209对金属离子释放的影响主要体现在反应的初始阶段(0～4h),表现为高浓度的BDE209减缓K(I)、Na(I)的释放.     

春、夏季长江口海水、沉积物及生物体中重金属含量及其评价

根据2009年5月（春季）、8月（夏季）长江口海域的环境调查资料,分析了长江口及其临近海域水相、表层沉积物及生物体内的6种重金属含量及分布特征,利用单因子指数法对污染状况进行了评价,并就污染来源进行了探讨。结果表明：研究海域春季表层水体中以Cu和Hg污染为主,超标率均为30%,而底层则主要为Hg污染,超标率为35%,Zn和Pb除个别站位超标外,其它站位状况良好;夏季表、底层水体中重金属污染以Cu、Zn和Hg污染较为严重,各重金属质量浓度约为春季水体中的2倍。研究海域春季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg,夏季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、Cu、As、Hg、Zn、Pb,春、夏季沉积物中各重金属质量分数有所差异,总体表现为春季高于夏季。生物体内重金属质量分数状况较好,均符合各类食品安全标准。春、夏季沉积物对重金属的富集能力有所不同;但总体表现为春季富集能力高于夏季,这可能与泥沙再悬浮造成的重金属重新释放有关;鱼类和甲壳类对不同重金属的富集能力有所差异,鱼类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg、As,而甲壳类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu、As。     

永定河上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中重金属的分布特征

采集了永定河及其支流清水河水样和表层沉积物各11个,并通过高速离心获得间隙水样10个.利用ICP-MS检测了上覆水中可溶性重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)、间隙水中可溶性重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)的含量以及沉积物中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn)的总量;检测了样品的理化性质;分析了水体及沉积物间重金属的分配系数.结果表明,上游采样点水化学类型主要为Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-),而下游采样点水化学类型则主要为Na~+-Mg~(2+)-Cl~--SO_4~(2-),上游和下游的水化学类型呈现明显的差异性;上覆水中Mn在位于下游的7号采样点含量超出生活饮用水卫生标准;间隙水中的重金属普遍高于上覆水含量;采用间隙水标准毒性单位(IWCTU)对间隙水重金属进行评价,发现Zn在大部分采样点(除2、5、11)及Pb在采样点6、7、8存在一定程度的毒性风险;Cd、Pb、Ni等3种重金属在附近有煤矿分布的采样点的上覆水和沉积物中含量都较高,需要特别注意的是Hg的分布也可能与煤矿开采有关.Pb、Cr、Mn等3种重金属在沉积物与上覆水中的分配系数比较大,而Hg、Cd、Zn则分配系数比较小;重金属在上覆水间隙水及沉积物中的分布关系为沉积物间隙水上覆水;分别对上覆水间隙水和沉积物中的重金属进行相关性分析及沉积物的主成分分析,发现Cd和Pb在间隙水和沉积物中均存在显著的相关性,沉积物中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg、Cu、Cr在第一主成分中具有较高的载荷值,推断这几种重金属具有相同的来源.     

气质联用测定胶州湾北岸潮间带底泥中的新型溴代阻燃剂

本文利用索式提取和复合硅胶层析柱净化技术对底泥样品进行前处理,以BDE30、PCB209L为回收率添加标,以BDE118为进样内标,采用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对胶州湾北岸潮间带底泥中的7种非多溴联苯醚(non-PBDE)类溴代阻燃剂(1,3,5-三溴苯(TBB)、2,3,5,6-四溴对二甲苯(p TBX)、五溴甲苯(PBT)、三溴苯乙烯(PBEB)、六溴苯(HBB)、六氯二溴辛烷(HCDBCO)、2,2',4,4',5,5'-六溴联苯(BB153))进行分析.结果表明:各化合物的仪器检出限在0.03—0.59 ng·g-1之间、定量限在0.09—1.96 ng·g-1之间;底泥中各化合物的加标回收率在80%—107%之间;回收率添加标BDE30和PCB209L的回收率分别为80%—95%和85%—105%.实验中实际检出5种non-PBDE类溴代阻燃剂(TBB、PBT、PBEB、HBB、HCDBCO),其含量在0.13—0.96 ng·g-1(干重)之间.Non-PBDE类溴代阻燃剂进行主成分分析和相关性分析表明:PBEB和HCDBCO是底泥中的两大主要成分,具有相似的源-水体-底泥转化效率.TBB与其他溴代阻燃剂呈现负相关,相关系数为-0.130—-0.461;PBEB与HBB的相关系数r为0.813(α=0.05),可能来源于同一种溴代阻燃剂的降解.     

珠江河口沉积物对十溴联苯醚的吸附

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是目前电子等多种行业中最常用的溴代阻燃剂,在多介质环境中广泛分布.由于其具有致癌、致畸、致突变和难以被生物降解的特性,在环境中危害大,许多国家已经开始陆续禁止一些PBDEs的生产和使用.本研究以BDE-209为PBDEs代表物,以采集的珠江河口沉积物为处理体系,考察了BDE-209在沉积物上的吸附行     

电子废弃物拆解地水体多溴联苯醚分布特征

为了解和比较广东贵屿电子废弃物拆解地和珠三角城市地区水体中多溴联苯醚的种类、含量及分布特征,于2011年9月在广东贵屿周边地区和广州采集了20个地下水、7个地表水和4个珠江水,用反相C18萃取小柱提取净化后,利用气相色谱-质谱法测定了样品中的8种多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）。研究结果表明：贵屿地区地下水中PBDEs浓度总体上较高,总质量浓度范围为2.54~71.74 ng·L-1,平均为22.97 ng·L-1,各类PBDEs的检出率为25%~95%。三溴联苯醚（BDE28）、四溴联苯醚（BDE47）、五溴联苯醚（BDE99和BDE100之和）、六溴联苯醚（BDE153和BDE154之和）、七溴联苯醚（BDE183）和十溴联苯醚（BDE209）的质量浓度分布分别为nd~0.64、nd~18.43、nd~25.26、nd~13.92、nd~9.06和nd~15.60 ng·L-1。从物种上来看,分别源于四溴、五溴和十溴联苯醚产品的BDE47、BDE99和BDE209是贵屿地区地下水样中的优势同系物。通过比率P=（BDE47＋BDE99）/BDE209研究发现：低溴代联苯醚比高溴代联苯醚更易被地表径流迁移转换进入到地下水中。贵屿地区地表水中PBDEs的质量浓度范围为3.41~63.83 ng·L-1,平均总质量浓度为19.38 ng·L-1,稍低于当地地下水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度,PBDEs的组成以高溴代的BDE209为特征,与世界其他水体研究结果相比,可以发现贵屿地区的地表水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度明显偏高,说明该地区的地表水受到较严重的PBDEs污染,必须引起足够的重视。珠江水中PBDEs的总质量浓度范围为3.48~20.84 ng·L-1,平均为10.39 ng·L-1,表明近年来珠江水体中PBDEs污染有逐渐恶化的趋势。     

乐安江沉积物酸碱特性及其对重金属释放特性的影响

本文对乐安江沉积物样品的金属总量、酸碱特性进行了测定和不同pH条件下金属的释放实验.结果表明,乐安江沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的浓度均高于一般水体沉积物的本底值.从重金属的移动性分析,存在沉积物重金属对水体产生二次污染的可能.沉积物所含重金属随pH变化产生的金属释放顺序是Zn>Cu>Cd.Pb.     

沉积物再悬浮-重金属释放机制研究进展

水-沉积物界面重金属迁移和转化行为已成为水环境质量研究的热点。因自然、生物、人为活动等驱动的沉积物再悬浮使得沉积物颗粒吸附和结合的重金属可能通过吸附-解吸平衡和氧化还原反应而释放进入上覆水体。随着外在污染源输入逐步得到控制,沉积物再悬浮释放重金属将成为水体重要的内在污染源而对水环境质量和水生生物产生影响。本文综述了最近几年的相关研究文献,对沉积物再悬浮的动力来源及发生机制、再悬浮-重金属释放机制及主要影响因素进行了阐述,探讨了该领域未来可能的研究方向。相关研究发现,当干扰切应力大于沉积物的临界切应力值时,沉积物再悬浮发生,且再悬浮颗粒量随干扰切应力的增强而增大;再悬浮使还原态沉积物暴露于有氧环境,有机质和硫化物的氧化是沉积物结合态重金属释放的主要机理,而沉积物颗粒电性吸附的重金属则通过解吸进入水体;切应力大小、再悬浮水体理化性质、沉积物理化性质以及微生物活性等因素调控着沉积物吸附态或结合态重金属的释放。本文指出再悬浮沉积物释放重金属的去向（再分配机理）以及再悬浮-重金属释放的动力学过程、沉积物悬浮-重金属释放复合预测模型的建立、沉积物悬浮-释放重金属的生物可利用性及生物毒害评价将是本领域需要进一步研究的重点。     

成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘水体与沉积物中重金属风险评价及分配特征

为探讨成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘环境中重金属的生态风险和分配特征,对成都市10个淡水混养池塘水体和沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni这6种重金属进行检测,采用BCR连续提取法分析沉积物中6种重金属的赋存形态,并评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明,除S8和S10样点Zn年均浓度超出GB 11607—1989《渔业水质标准》外,其余元素均未超标,重金属浓度总体呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季的特征。沉积物除S3、S4和S8样点Cu年均含量超出生物低影响阈值(ERL)外,其余元素均未超标,Cd为研究区域沉积物中主要生态风险因子,沉积物中重金属无明显季节变化规律。沉积物中Cd的弱酸提取态比例高于其余元素,为22. 91%～64. 51%,Pb和Cu可还原态比例较大,Zn以残渣态为主,同时存在较大比例的弱酸提取态和还原态,Cr和Ni主要以残渣态和可氧化态存在。水体-沉积物中重金属分配系数由高到低依次为Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Cd和Zn。因此,应加强成都市淡水混养池塘Cd元素的污染防控。     

Concentrations of cadmium,manganese, copper,zinc, and lead in the tissues of the oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) obtained from Setiu Lagoon,Terengganu, Malaysia

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is a major problem contributing to human health issues. The study of these pollutants through bioindicators such as the oyster Crassostrea iredalei is important for (1) determining the levels and sources and (2) regulating the quantity of pollutants. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in tissues of C. iredalei, sediment and surrounding water was measured, and data was analyzed to determine the relationship between sampling periods and between oyster tissue, sediment, and water. The highest concentration of metals in oyster tissue was Zn, followed by Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Malaysian Food Act of 1983, which is equivalent to the WHO recommended levels of heavy metals in organisms used for consumption. The highest metal concentration in sediment was Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in surrounding water were Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd. There was no correlation between metal concentration in oyster tissue and in sediment for all five metals.     

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River,Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The I_geo values revealed that Cd (3.13) and Cr (2.39) had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The RI values for most (89%) of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Seasonal Variations of Trace Metal Chemical Forms in Bed Sediments of a Karstic River in Lebanon: Implications for Self-purification

Although Lebanon has abundant water, its rivers are polluted and aquifer water mismanaged. Effective river water usage requires an understanding of the geochemistry of polluting metals in catchments. Climate is “Mediterranean”: wet winters and dry summers. Active sediment flushing is restricted to winter high discharge episodes. Except in winter, water column pollutants are removed by precipitation or sorption to the surface of static bed sediments. Hence (1) does winter flushing of contaminated sediment and replacement by clean sediment favour self purification? (2) does the distribution of metals between extractable fractions change seasonally and thereby affect metal bioavailability ? Results on the distribution of metals are reported for Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in bed sediments from Nahr Ibrahim (a karstic river) for summer and winter. A Tessier-like sequential extraction scheme was applied to samples (< 75 μm) for five locations along a 13 km stretch to the sea. Water pH was above 8.2 at all locations implying a very low solubility for Fe. Sediment was derived from catchment soils and limestone. Total sediment Fe increased in winter at all sites following deposition of eroded soil from upstream. Cadmium, Cu and Pb derived from polluting sources; the sources of Zn were more complex. Dilution by clean sediment explained winter reductions in total Cd, Cu and Pb; Zn changes were less consistent. Iron occurred mostly (> 77 sum of fractions) in the residual fraction compared with 6– 31 for pollutants; residual Cu and Zn showed a small increase in winter whereas Cd and Pb did not change. All readily exchangeable metals decreased in winter and the carbonate bound forms predominated in both seasons. Nahr Ibrahim has a high capacity for self purification and metal resolubilisation from sediment will be limited by the solubility of carbonate forms.     

北部湾潮间带沉积物中重金属和多氯联苯的分布特征及生态风险评价

选择北部湾9个典型采样点,研究了潮间带沉积物中重金属和多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征和生态风险.分析结果表明,Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr等重金属和总PCBs的平均含量分别为0.100、10.00、19.89、45.97、208.65、0.098、17.86 mg.kg-1和1.48!g.kg-1.重金属和PCBs表现出不同的空间变化规律.相关性分析表明,北部湾潮间带的重金属主要来自人为污染;沉积物的粒度参数和有机质含量等性质特征是影响PCBs分布和迁移的重要因素;重金属和PCBs总量之间不存在明显的相关性.生态风险评价结果表明,PCBs和Cd是北部湾潮间带最主要的生态风险因子,Zn和PCBs是优势污染物;研究区域总体处于中等生态风险等级,表明沿岸港口和临海工业等人为活动已经对北部湾滨海地区造成了一定的环境压力.     

Concentration of heavy metals in the food web of Lake Egirdir, Turkey

The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb,) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in sediment, water, plankton and fish samples from Lake Egirdir in South-Western Turkey. Lake Egirdir is an important bird nesting and visiting areas, and it is also used as irrigation and drinking water source. The heavy metal concentrations were in the order Cd > Pb > Cr > Hg in water, Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg in sediment, Pb > Cd > Cr > Hg in plankton, Cd > Cr > Pb > Hg in the muscle and Cd > Pb > Cr > Hg in the gills of Ctenophatyngodon idella. The significant differences of concentrations occurred in water, sediment, plankton and fish tissues (Chi square test, p < 0.05). The concentrations of the heavy metals in water and fish tissues of three years old, were above the maximum permissible level for human consumption.     

Photocatalytic degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water system

Due to the low water solubility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organic solvent is usually added into the oxidation system to enhance the removal efficiency. In this study the photocatalytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), a type of polybrominated diphenyl ether used throughout the world, in pure water without the addition of organic solvent was investigated. In the pure water system, BDE209 was not dissolved but dispersed as nano-scale particles with a mean diameter of 166 nm. Most of BDE209 (>98%) were removed within 4 h and the final debromination ratio was greater than 80%. Although the addition of organic solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF) could lead to a relatively high BDE209 degradation rate, the final debromination ratio (<50%) was much lower than that in pure water system. Major oxidation intermediates of tetrahydrofuran, including tetrahydro-2-furanol and γ-butyrolactone, were detected indicating the engagement of THF in the BDE209 degradation process. The photocatalytic degradation of BDE209 in the pure water system followed first-order kinetics. The BDE209 degradation rate constant increased from 0.0011 to 0.0023 min⁻¹ as the pH increased from 3 to 9.     

Removing polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water using Fe/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as fire-retardants. Due to their high production volume, widespread usage, and environmental persistence, PBDEs have become ubiquitous contaminants in various environments.Nanoscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) is an effective reductant for many halogenated organic compounds. To enhance the degradation efficiency, ZVI/Palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (nZVI/Pd) were synthesized in this study to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in water. Approximately 90% of BDE209 was rapidly removed by nZVI/Pd within 80 min, whereas about 25% of BDE209 was removed by nZVI. Degradation of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd fits pseudo-first-order kinetics. An increase in pH led to sharply decrease the rate of BDE209 degradation. The degradation rate constant in the treatment with initial pH at 9.0 was more than 6.8 × higher than that under pH 5.0. The degradation intermediates of BDE209 by nZVI/Pd were identified and the degradation pathways were hypothesized. Results from this study suggest that nZVI/Pd may be an effective tool for treating polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water.     

重金属对药物和个人护理品在土壤/沉积物中吸附的影响机制:现状与展望

药物和个人护理品简称(PPCPs)是一类具有潜在累积效果的环境污染物,其广泛分布于水体与土壤环境中.在土壤/沉积物中,PPCPs将发生一系列的物理、化学和生物作用,其中吸附是PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中极为关键的环境行为,将影响PPCPs在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物体的危害程度.重金属作为一类常见的无机污染物,它们的存在...