基于PlanetScope影像的广西钦州市黑臭水体识别方法研究

城市黑臭水体实质上是由环境保护和城市建设两者发展不平衡产生的,也是我国当下生态环境保护工作的重点之一。针对城市黑臭水体监测评价这一热点难点展开研究,以钦州市主城区为研究区域,以高频次重访的高空间分辨PlanetScope遥感影像为数据源,结合两期的实地采样数据,分析黑臭水体表观光学特性,利用黑臭水体与一般水体光谱曲线差异特征,提出近红外(NIR)单波段阈值法、HI指数法、EHI指数法和NDBWI指数法以及基于色度法的饱和度识别算法。城市黑臭水体与一般水体在蓝、绿和红波段(455～670 nm)的相同点是反射率偏低,不同点在于一般水体在455～670 nm处的光谱曲线斜率高于黑臭水体,在红波段处反射率达到极大值,在红波段和近红外波段开始下降,而黑臭水体此波段范围内反射率开始大幅升高。识别结果表明,NIR单波段阈值法识别准确率较低,存在较大偏差;HI指数识别准确率为57. 14%; EHI指数和饱和度法对黑臭水体的识别准确率均为78. 57%; NDBWI指数的识别准确率最高,达90%以上。     

城市黑臭水体的吸收特性分析

黑臭水体是城市水环境的一个严重问题,对城市黑臭水体光学特性进行分析,是利用遥感技术手段进行黑臭识别的前提与基础.2016~2017年采集了长沙、南京和无锡的城市黑臭水体共计85个样点,非黑臭水体共计80个样点,并对水样的悬浮物等水质参数浓度以及水体组分的吸收系数进行了测量.结果表明:(1)黑臭水体的总颗粒物吸收系数、非色素颗粒物吸收系数总体上高于非黑臭水体.(2)黑臭水体与非黑臭水体的CDOM吸收系数有明显的差异.由此可用CDOM吸收特征波段440 nm和不同波段范围内拟合的吸收系数曲线斜率对黑臭水体进行区分.城市黑臭水体吸收特性的分析,将为黑臭水体的遥感识别和监测提供有效的技术支撑.黑臭水体中的高CDOM浓度,可以作为遥感识别黑臭水的一个重要参考.     

上海市黑臭水体光谱特征分析及遥感识别方法探究

黑臭水体识别对全面开展黑臭水体整治及长效监管具有重要意义.为探究上海市黑臭水体的识别方法,以其2017年黑臭水体名录为研究对象,选取105条段河道样本,于2018年7—8月进行现场调查,开展水质监测、光谱测量、光谱分析、遥感识别及验证.结果表明:（1）依据上海市中小河道黑臭地方判定标准,样本中共有49个黑臭水体,56个一般水体.（2）将遥感反射率(R_rs)作为光谱分类的主要依据,光谱数据预处理后,共得到4个主要反射峰（F）和3个主要吸收谷（G）,根据波峰波谷位置特征,可将样本分为三类一般水体（GW）、三类黑臭水体（BOW）.（3）R_rs平均值光谱曲线显示,BOW1、BOW3两类水体在550～700 nm处的光谱曲线与其他四类水体存在明显差异,更易识别和区分,而BOW2与GW2两类水体的光谱曲线形态差异较小,增加了识别难度.（4）根据拟合多光谱曲线,提出角度α1法和比值法组合成的角度-比值联合法,经识别验证,黑臭水体的综合识别率为95.92%,对一般水体的误判率为39.29%.（5）将归一化比值模型（BOI法）、黑臭水体斜率指数（SBWI法）、...     

基于决策树的城市黑臭水体遥感分级

水体黑臭程度遥感监测是了解城市水质现状和综合评价城市水环境治理效果的重要手段.以南京、常州、无锡和扬州为研究区,共采集171个样点,同步测量水质参数和光学参数,分析黑臭水体与一般水体的水色和光学特征,构建决策树模型进行重度黑臭水体、轻度黑臭水体和非黑臭水体（记为一般水体）识别.结果表明：①根据色度可将水体分为1~6类水体,其中,类型1~4为黑臭水体,分别为灰黑色、深灰色、灰色和浅灰色水体,类型5和类型6水体为一般水体,分别为绿色系和黄色系水体;②类型1水体的非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物含量高,但色素颗粒物的吸收并不占主导,类型2和5水体的吸收以色素颗粒物吸收占主导,类型3、4和6水体的吸收以非色素颗粒物吸收占主导;③根据六类水体的反射光谱差异用黑臭水体差值指数（difference of black-odorous water index,DBWI）、三波段面积水体指数（green-red-nir area water index,G-R-NIR AWI）、绿光波段反射率和归一化黑臭水体指数（normalized difference black-odorous water index,NDBWI）构建的水体分类识别决策树,能够有效识别出重、轻度黑臭水体和一般水体;④将决策树模型应用于2019年4月9日扬州的PlanetScope影像上,并利用10个同步过境点进行验证,整体识别精度达到80.00%,K值达到0.67.通过水色分类后的城市水体分级模型方法,可推广应用于类似的水体,为黑臭水体监管提供技术方法.     

基于GF-1 WFV影像和BP神经网络的太湖叶绿素a反演

叶绿素a浓度是可直接遥感反演的重要水质参数之一,常用来评价湖泊水体的富营养化程度.太湖是典型的二类水体,光学性质复杂,应用一类水体线性反演模式拟合较为片面且难以找到最佳拟合模型.BP神经网络模型具有模拟复杂非线性问题的功能.为研究高分一号卫星16m多光谱相机WFV4结合BP神经网络进行太湖叶绿素a浓度监测的可行性,实验利用GF-1 WFV4影像和实时的地面采样数据,建立了BP神经网络模型,同时采用波段比值经验模型进行对比.经精度检验,BP神经网络模型预测值与实测值之间的可决系数R2高达0.9680,而波段比值模型的R2为0.9541,且均方根误差RMSE由波段比值模型的18.7915降低为BP神经网络模型的7.6068,平均相对误差e也由波段比值模型的19.16%降低为BP神经网络模型的6.75%.结果证明,GF-1 WFV4影像应用BP神经网络模型反演太湖叶绿素a浓度较波段比值模型精度有所提高.将经过水体掩膜的GF-1 WFV4影像用于训练好的BP神经网络反演太湖叶绿素a浓度分布,结果显示,叶绿素a高浓度区集中分布在湖心区北部、竺山湾、梅梁湾区域,与之前的研究一致.本文研究结果验证了采用BP神经网络模型对GF-1 WFV4影像进行太湖叶绿素a浓度反演的可行性.     

基于多源同步数据的闽江下游悬浮物定量遥感

利用2006-09-18的同步Landsat TM数据、水面实测光谱数据和现场水样数据,研究了闽江下游的悬浮物,在这3种同步数据的基础上建立了分别基于实测光谱与影像光谱的悬浮物遥感预测模型.结果表明,实测光谱数据在690nm波长处,归一化光谱反射率与悬浮物浓度达到最大正相关,由690nm和530nm二处的反射率构成的比值预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高,最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=116.2(R690/R530)-33.4.TM影像各波段中以(TM2 TM3)2波段组合与实测悬浮物浓度的相关性最佳.由其所建立的影像光谱预测模型与实测悬浮物浓度的拟合精度最高.最佳拟合模型可表达为SS=3793.7(RTM3 RTM2)2-16.5.模型的精度评价表明,实测光谱模型的预测能力要强于影像光谱模型.但二者差异不大.在缺乏地面实测光谱数据时.基于影像光谱的遥感定量模型仍不失为一种预测悬浮物浓度的有效方法,其对闽江下游悬浮物浓度的反演结果能较准确地反映出该区域悬浮物浓度分布的空间差异,具有较高的实用性.     

基于高分影像的城市水体遥感综合分级方法

城市水体是城市生态系统中的重要组成部分,为此,针对城市水体提出了一种基于国产高分影像的水环境遥感综合评价方法.在2017~2019年间的南京、无锡、常州和扬州市等城市多次水体采样工作的基础上,分析了城市水体光谱特征与水质参数的相应关系.基于国际标准的色度转换模型和FUI（forel-ule index）水色指数,构建了基于高分二号（GF-2）影像的适用于城市水体的U-FUI（urban forel-ule index）水色指数,实现了城市水体的遥感分级,独立的验证数据表明分级模型的识别正确率可达72%.结果表明,根据U-FUI水色指数可以将城市水体有效地分为U-FUI Ⅰ~U-FUI Ⅵ共6级水体,依次分别代表水色呈蓝色、浅绿色、深绿色、黄色、黄棕色以及灰黑色的水体.其中,U-FUI的Ⅰ级水体水质较好而在城市水体中少有分布,U-FUI的Ⅱ和Ⅲ级水体具有较高的叶绿素a浓度,U-FUI的Ⅳ和Ⅴ级水体的总悬浮物浓度和无机悬浮物浓度相对较高,U-FUI的Ⅵ级水体水质较差且水质参数与各级水体均有较大差异.同时,将该方法成功地应用于2018年4月9日南京市GF-2影像,结果显示南京市水体以U-FUI Ⅱ~U-FUI Ⅳ级水体为主,U-FUI的Ⅰ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级水体在城市中的分布相对较少,空间分布特征与同期原位采样结果一致.     

利用高光谱反演模型评估太湖水体叶绿素a浓度分布

叶绿素a浓度是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力的一个重要参数,高光谱遥感是获取叶绿素a浓度的有效手段.为建立太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型,选取2015年5—7月共计60组同步实测高光谱数据和叶绿素a浓度数据,在地面光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析的基础上,使用2∶1的数据样本进行太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型的建立和验证,筛选模型分别为波段比值、三波段、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离、一阶微分、NDCI(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index)、峰面积、荧光峰高度、WCI(Water Chlorophyll-a Index)和四波段模型.结果表明,建模得到的四波段模型决定系数最高,峰面积模型的决定系数相对最低;四波段模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.00376 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对误差(MAPE)为27.86%,而WCI模型的反演精度相对最低,RMSE为0.01231 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.11%.将反演精度最高的四波段模型应用于2015年8月3日的两景HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱影像数据,也得到较高精度,利用同步实测叶绿素a浓度验证的决定系数为0.7643,RMSE为0.00433 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.62%.在春、夏季叶绿素对水体光学特性占主导作用且叶绿素分布均匀的情景下,本研究可为太湖水域叶绿素a的高光谱反演和水环境监测提供有价值的参考,其它季节水体光谱特点的研究尚待进一步开展.     

基于环境一号卫星数据的太湖叶绿素a浓度反演

环境一号卫星在大型水体水环境监测与评价中具有独特的优势。为探求遥感影像在水体叶绿素a浓度反演中的应用,基于环境一号卫星CCD数据和同步实测叶绿素a浓度值,通过影像辐射定标、大气校正和几何精校正等预处理获取水体反射率,分别将单波段和不同特征波段组合的反射率与实测叶绿素a值进行皮尔逊相关分析,选取R20.8的波段组合进行建模,通过对3种波段组合反演结果对比和精度验证,发现基于CCD数据第4波段与第3波段反射率比值的二次模型具有良好的反演效果,模型预测值与实测值的最小相对误差为0.76%,平均相对误差10.99%,均方根误差为0.007 6 mg/L,明显低于实测叶绿素a浓度的平均值;最后基于该模型实现了太湖叶绿素a浓度反演,并对叶绿素a的时空分布进行了初步分析。     

查干湖叶绿素a浓度高光谱定量模型研究

叶绿素a含量能够在一定程度上反映水质状况,利用高光谱遥感可获得叶绿素a的诊断性光谱特性,较好解决了常规遥感中出现的问题.利用野外高光谱仪在查干湖进行了反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,通过分析水体叶绿素a浓度与其高光谱反射特征之间的相关关系,尝试采用多种半经验算法建立叶绿素a高光谱定量模型.结果表明:单波段光谱反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关系数较小,不宜用于估算叶绿素a浓度,反射率比值法和一阶微分法与叶绿素a线性相关程度都比较高,决定系数分别为0.71和0.48,而且其显著水平p<0.01,皆可以用于叶绿素a的定量遥感,但反射率比值算法模拟效果好于一阶微分算法.这为今后利用星载高光谱传感器在查干湖进行叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.