臭氧胁迫对冬小麦光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

在大田试验的条件下,利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了臭氧胁迫对冬小麦不同生育期(拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期)光合作用、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,在150nmol·mol-1O3浓度范围内,随着O3浓度的升高和熏气时间的增加,冬小麦叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和b含量总体降低,但孕穗和扬花期T1处理组总叶绿素和叶绿素a含量较CK组有所升高;气孔导度(Gs)开放受到影响,单位叶片面积活性降低,胞间CO2浓度(ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)呈波动变化.同时,冬小麦启动了自我保护机制,具体表现为SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性先快速升高而后逐渐下降,POD(过氧化物酶)活性呈先下降而后快速升高的变化趋势;从拔节期到扬花期以及从灌浆期1到灌浆期2,CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性表现为先快速升高而后"相对降低",MDA(丙二醛)含量则持续升高;类胡萝卜素含量先升高后下降,单位叶片面积热耗散增加.结果表明,抗氧化酶并不能完全消除冬小麦体内过多的活性氧,造成活性氧积累,进一步加剧了膜脂过氧化作用,导致膜透性增加,叶绿素降解,净光合速率降低,加速冬小麦叶片的老化.     

速生树种竹柳对重金属胁迫的生理响应

为探讨速生树种竹柳(Salix sp.)对重金属胁迫的生理响应及耐受机制,以竹柳三号和竹柳五号为试验材料,在重金属复合污染(镉、铜、锌)的水稻土条件下处理65 d后,研究了其叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性的响应变化.结果表明:重金属胁迫下,两种竹柳叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均显著(p0.05)降低,而脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)升高.重金属胁迫下,竹柳三号叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)低于竹柳五号,而叶绿素b含量和过氧化物酶活性反之.对照土壤中,竹柳三号的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著低于竹柳五号,叶绿素含量反之.两种竹柳的叶绿素a/叶绿素b值、丙二醛含量无显著差异.综上所述,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等可以作为竹柳耐重金属胁迫的评价指标.竹柳五号在重金属胁迫作用下可维持较高的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性,因此,竹柳五号比竹柳三号对重金属胁迫有更强的耐性.     

Ca2+浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的影响

通过砂培实验,研究了钙浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的防护效应.结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,玉米幼苗叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/b比值下降,叶片汁液的pH值降低,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性先升高,而在pH值2.5的酸雨胁迫下转而下降,CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性水平下降,POD(过氧化物酶)活性明显增加,脂质过氧化加剧；而在同一强度酸雨胁迫下,经CaCl     

臭氧对水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

采用 OTC- 1型开顶式气室研究臭氧对不同生育时期水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响 .实验结果表明 ,随着臭氧浓度增加 ,水稻叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值下降 ,膜相对透性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量上升 ,过氧化物酶 (POD)活性逐渐上升 ,过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性开始被诱导上升 ,当浓度达到 200 nl· L^-1时反而下降 .叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b值与 MDA含量呈显著负相关 ,膜透性与 MDA含量呈显著正相关 ,叶绿素含量与 POD活性呈负相关 .臭氧造成活性氧的产生和清除之间的失衡 ,加剧了膜脂过氧化作用 ,对水稻的膜系统产生了危害 ,降解叶绿素 ,加速叶片的老化 .     

豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制及成分初步分离

探讨了豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响,从总氮、总磷、叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量、藻胆蛋白含量、抗氧化系酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的变化研究了其抑制机理,随后比较了不同分离相的抑藻活性.结果表明,豆瓣菜有机提取物对铜绿微囊藻具有较强的抑制效应,2 g·L~(-1)组在第10 d的抑藻率为67.62%;排出了营养的影响,认为抑制作用主要是由化感作用引起的.培养过程中,藻体中叶绿素a含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、多糖含量和藻胆蛋白含量下降,藻体中SOD、CAT、POD、GS和ACP活性和MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势.豆瓣菜有机提取物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,其中存在的弱极性物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因.     

纳米二氧化钛胁迫对普生轮藻的毒性效应

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题也引起了广泛关注.实验研究了胁迫浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.10、1.0、10、100mg.L-1的纳米二氧化钛(nTiO2)悬浮液单一处理普生轮藻(CharavulgarisL.)的毒性效应,在胁迫24h、48h、72h、96h后分别测定其叶绿素a含量、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性总体呈下降趋势,而MDA含量呈递增趋势,高浓度剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著,酶的活性降幅也较大,说明急性nTiO2暴露对普生轮藻具有毒性作用,且表现出剂量效应.     

Hg2+、Cd2+及其复合胁迫对伊乐藻的毒害

利用水生微宇宙系统研究了不同浓度的Hg2 、Cd2 单一及复合处理对伊乐藻可溶性蛋白质浓度、叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值,以及生产力和呼吸作用的影响.可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量在低浓度胁迫时(Hg2 ≤2.5μmol/L,Cd2 ≤10μmol/L,Hg2 Cd2 ≤1.25μmol/LHg2 5μmol/LCd2 )略有升高,之后随胁迫的增强而持续下降,两者呈负相关;叶绿素a/b比值、净生产力、呼吸强度随离子浓度增加不断下降,除呼吸强度外,两者也呈负相关.Hg2 对伊乐藻的毒性是Cd2 的4倍左右(以摩尔浓度计).两者共同作用时,对可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量以及净生产力的影响有协同效应,对呼吸作用的影响有相加效应.     

四氯乙烯胁迫对草鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响及其机理

研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)对草鱼的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的影响.结果表明:草鱼肝胰脏SOD活性,在PCE低浓度胁迫时其SOD活性“先升后降”[72h SOD是(6665.84±106.87)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(3021.26±16.96)U/g·FW],高浓度胁迫时“先降后升再降”[24h SOD是(2175.16±185.14)U/g·FW, 96h SOD是(5692.19±44.17)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(1297.70±11.52)U/g·FW];草鱼肾脏SOD活性在PCE所有浓度组胁迫均是“先降后升再降”的趋势;草鱼鳃组织SOD酶活性只有在PCE较低浓度短时间内没有显著变化,其它情况始终降低.在PCE低浓度和中等浓度胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏POD活性始终降低,较低浓度和高浓度胁迫时肝胰脏POD活性“先降后升再降”;草鱼肾脏POD活性在PCE低浓度胁迫时“先升后降再升又降”的趋势,而高浓度胁迫时“先降后升又降”;PCE对草鱼鳃组织POD活性“先升后降”的趋势.但是草鱼鳃组织的SOD和POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织的SOD和POD活性.     

一株丝状蓝藻的分离鉴定及其对原油耐受性能的研究

从石油污染的港口水域分离筛选到一株丝状蓝藻GH1,通过形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为颤藻.从生长情况和抗氧化酶活性方面研究了这株颤藻对原油的耐受性.在0～20d培养过程中,原油培养条件下GH1的叶绿素增长更快,第7天即达到生长稳定期;可溶性蛋白含量随时间的变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,原油样品的可溶性蛋白含量始终要显著高于空白样.在0～1%体积浓度范围内,第7天测定原油样品中颤藻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均明显高于空白样.对抗氧化酶系统而言,在原油培养条件下,培养初期超氧化物歧化酶SOD(Superoxide Dismutase)和过氧化氢酶CAT(Catalase)活性显著高于空白样,随着培养时间增加,SOD和CAT活性呈下降趋势,而过氧化物酶POD(Peroxidase)活性一直呈上升趋势.低浓度原油能刺激3种抗氧化酶活性都升高,高浓度原油对SOD和CAT活性有抑制作用,但POD活性仍能随原油浓度增加而升高.在原油中毒性物质的胁迫下,POD与SOD、CAT的响应表现为互补的变化趋势,3种酶共同防御作用是颤藻GH1耐受原油胁迫的主要机制.     

地表臭氧增加对4种植物光合作用的影响

以秋枫(Bischofia javanica Bl.)、木棉(Bombax malabaricum DC.)、黄花夹竹桃(Thevetia peruviana(Pers.)k.Schum.)和芒果(Mangifera indica L.)4种植物苗木为试材,研究不同O3浓度胁迫(环境大气NF,O3体积分数10×10-9~20×10-9;低浓度O3处理E50,O3体积分数50×10-9;中浓度O3处理E100,O3体积分数100×10-9;高浓度O3处理E200,O3体积分数200×10-9)对4种植物光合生理指标的影响。结果表明:随臭氧浓度的增加,黄花夹竹桃和木棉叶片叶绿素a含量主要为减少趋势,叶绿素b含量则是先升高后降低;叶绿素总含量呈降低趋势。芒果和秋枫叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量均呈升高-降低-升高的趋势。臭氧胁迫对4种植物的光合作用均起到了明显的抑制作用,并且浓度越高,抑制作用越大。黄花夹竹桃和木棉降幅均达70%以上,4种对臭氧胁迫的耐受性为:其中芒果表现出对臭氧抗性最强,其次为秋枫、木棉,黄花夹竹桃对臭氧表现最敏感。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.