贵州红枫湖底泥磷释放的模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下,模拟了温度、溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、pH、扰动、微生物等环境因子对红枫湖底泥磷释放的影响。实验结果表明:(1)底泥磷的释放量随温度的升高而增大,5℃时底泥磷的释放通量为0.59mg·m-2·d-1;25℃和35℃时底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.25和3.68mg·m-2·d-1。(2)厌氧(DO2.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷释放显著,释放通量在1.15~4.57mg·m-2·d-1之间;好氧(DO6.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷的释放通量仅为0.82mg·m-2·d-1。(3)底泥磷的释放与上覆水pH值密切相关,且释放量随上覆水pH值的升高而增大,当pH=5.5和pH=7.5时,底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.15和1.25mg·m-2·d-1;当pH=9.5时,底泥磷的释放通量为4.57mg·m-2·d-1。(4)扰动条件下的底泥磷释放通量(2.62mg·m-2·d-1)明显大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放通量(1.25mg·m-2·d-1)。(5)微生物对底泥磷释放有明显影响,灭菌条件下的底泥磷释放量明显大于有微生物条件下的底泥磷释放量。综上所述,高温、厌氧、高pH值、强烈扰动均可促进红枫湖底泥磷的释放,微生物对底泥磷释放有明显抑制作用。基于红枫湖底泥磷释放模拟实验结果,计算了不同环境条件下红枫湖底泥磷的释放通量,在此基础上估算出红枫湖夏季热分层期间(6~9月)底泥磷释放量约为8.58t,占红枫湖水体总磷负荷(约28t)的30.6%,表明红枫湖底泥内源磷释放对水体磷负荷和富营养化有重要贡献,亟待开展底泥内源污染治理。     

重庆渝北双龙湖泥磷释放强度影响因素正交试验研究

双龙湖是浅水型城市湖泊，一度为重富营养化湖泊。综合治理后底泥产生的内源污染可能成为湖泊营养物的主要自荷。研究双龙湖限制性营养元素——磷在底泥的释放规律，对于修复水体、保持水质具有重要意义，为湖泊内源治理、水环境保持提供科学依据。本文试验分析双龙湖不同环境因子（温度、pH值、溶解氧、水动力）对底泥总磷释放的影响；通过底泥正交模拟试验测定分析认为温度、溶解氧、pH值、水动力均是影响双龙湖底泥磷释放的显著因素，显著性排序依次为溶解氧〉温度〉pH值〉水动力。     

大河口水库底泥释磷强度环境影响机理研究

为了解水库上覆水环境对底泥释磷强度的影响,确定底泥释磷强度与环境要素的定量线性关系,阐明不同水环境条件下底泥释磷机理。2014年8月对大河口水库采集底泥样品,进行了4因素(水温、pH、水动力、溶解氧)5水平底泥释磷室内模拟试验。结果表明:(1)温度升高有利于底泥磷的释放,25℃条件下底泥平均释磷强度为30.04 mg/m2,是5℃条件下释磷强度9.01 mg/m~2的3.3倍。(2)强酸碱条件均有利于底泥磷释放,中性条件下底泥释磷强度最小,试验期内强碱条件下(pH=9.5)底泥释磷强度分别是强酸条件(pH=5.5)和中性条件(pH=7.0)释磷强度的1.1倍和1.9倍。(3)增加扰动可加速泥水界面交换,促进底泥磷释放。高强度扰动下底泥最大释磷强度为25.18 mg/m~2,是静置条件下的3.8倍。(4)随溶解氧浓度增大底泥释磷强度呈下降趋势。DO为6.5 mg/L以上时,底泥释磷呈现"负释放"状态。(5)底泥释磷强度与温度、pH、水动力环境因素二次函数曲线拟合最优,与溶解氧三次函数曲线拟合最优。     

双龙湖底泥磷释放强度影响因素试验研究

试验分析双龙湖典型污染层底泥总磷分布，研究不同环境因子（溶解氧、温度、pH、水动力）对底泥磷释放影响，计算出不同环境因子条件下磷释放强度，揭示双龙湖综合整治后主要内源污染——底泥不同环境条件下释磷规律，从而采取适宜措施保持双龙湖水质。     

海河沉积物磷释放模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下,分别对海河沉积物中磷的释放量与沉积物磷形态分布的关系及好氧/厌氧条件,pH,温度,外源磷含量,微生物活动等环境因素对其的影响进行了模拟研究. 结果表明,微生物作用是影响海河沉积物中磷释放量的主要因素;厌氧条件下,磷从沉积物向水体的释放量远高于好氧条件下沉积物磷的释放量;温度升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;酸性和碱性条件下沉积物磷的释放量略高于中性条件下沉积物磷的释放量;当上覆水磷含量较高时,沉积物中的磷呈“负释放”状态. 研究还显示,沉积物中不同形态的磷含量与沉积物磷释放量有不同程度的相关性,其中可交换态磷（NH4Cl-P）和可还原态磷（BD-P）含量与沉积物磷的释放量高度相关（R^2分别为0.99和0.84）.     

大沽排污河底泥释放总氮的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,考察了上覆水的溶解氧DO、pH值、温度、含盐量及扰动速率等环境因子对大沽排污河底泥释放总氮的影响.结果表明:厌氧条件下底泥释放总氮的强度高于好氧条件和自然条件下的释放强度;上覆水的pH呈中性时底泥释放总氮的强度最大,酸性条件下底泥释放总氮的强度高于碱性条件;升高温度可促进底泥释放总氮;扰动可提高底泥释放总氮的强度,但当扰动速率增加到一定程度时,反而会抑制总氮的释放,因此,至最后实验结束时,扰动速率为60r.min-1的体系中底泥释放总氮的能力最强;当实验达到平衡时,含盐量为0mg.L-1的体系中底泥释放总氮的能力最强.     

海河沉积物中磷释放的模拟研究

在实验室条件下,分别对海河沉积物中磷的释放量与沉积物磷形态分布的关系及好氧/厌氧条件,pH,温度,外源磷含量,微生物活动等环境因素对其的影响进行了模拟研究. 结果表明,微生物作用是影响海河沉积物中磷释放量的主要因素;厌氧条件下,磷从沉积物向水体的释放量远高于好氧条件下沉积物磷的释放量;温度升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;酸性和碱性条件下沉积物磷的释放量略高于中性条件下沉积物磷的释放量;当上覆水磷含量较高时,沉积物中的磷呈“负释放"状态. 研究还显示,沉积物中不同形态的磷含量与沉积物磷释放量有不同程度的相关性,其中可交换态磷(NH₄Cl-P)和可还原态磷(BD-P)含量与沉积物磷的释放量高度相关(R2分别为0.99和0.84).      

河流底泥中溶解性有机物的释放途径及影响因素研究

以沈阳市新开河底泥为研究对象,考察了河流底泥中溶解性有机物（DOM）的释放途径,并分析了时间、温度、pH值、底泥粒径、盐度和上覆水体中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度对河流底泥DOM释放的影响.此外,还研究了底泥释放对上覆水体中DOM的光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,对底泥DOM释放影响程度最高的是间隙水的混合作用,其次是底泥表层静态释放,而悬浮颗粒释放对底泥DOM释放的影响程度较小.底泥DOM的释放量随温度,pH值,底泥粒径,盐度的增大而增大.上覆水体DOC浓度较高时,DOM由上覆水体向底泥迁移.扰动作用能够影响底泥DOM的迁移.类富里酸荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质是底泥DOM中的主要荧光物质.河流底泥DOM向上覆水体释放的主要是激发波长分别为280~300nm和320~380nm的荧光物质.并且,扰动作用促进了荧光物质由底泥向上覆水体的释放.     

杭州城市内河底泥磷污染与磷释放水力模拟

在分析杭州城市内河东新河底泥磷污染的基础上,采用加长型环形水槽动态模拟水体流速（0.002～0.02 m·s^-1）、上覆水质（水体总磷本底值分别为0.18、 0.072和0.007 mg·L^-1）及上覆水深（5、 10 cm）对底泥磷释放的影响,并定量分析了不同流速下底泥磷的释放速率.结果表明,东新河底泥的pH值、含水率、磷含量等理化性质有利于磷的释放.在动态水力条件下底泥磷主要以悬浮颗粒态形式向上覆水体释放.流速对底泥磷释放的影响较为显著,模型流速为0.008 m·s^-1（原型流速为0.05 m·s^-1）时对应底泥的“少量动”,此时底泥磷释放速率趋于最大,达147.36 g·(m²·h)^-1.上覆水质影响底泥磷的释放,尤其显著影响磷的初期释放,内河水较自来水更有利于底泥磷的释放,可能是由于内河水与底泥构成了良好的磷交换关系.在浅水水体中,上覆水深对底泥磷释放影响不大.因此,可以通过调节水力学条件和水质来抑制或强化河流底泥磷的释放.     

武汉庙湖沉积物中氮释放化学行为的模拟研究

采用实验室模拟释放的方法对沉积物氮释放过程进行研究,运用正交实验设计,探讨了环境条件的变化对庙湖底泥中氮释放行为的影响。此次实验的结果表明:升高温度有利于加速氮释放过程的进行;底泥释氮过程在酸性或碱性条件下受到抑制,中性条件下最有利于释放;底泥总氮释放量随溶解氧增加而减少,从不同形态的氮来看,厌氧条件下氨氮释放量增加,好氧条件下硝酸盐氮释放量增加。运用回归分析,分别推求出在不同温度、pH、溶解氧水平下庙湖底泥平均释氮强度公式,通过释氮模型预测不同环境条件下底泥释氮强度,从而采取适宜措施抑制氮释放,控制内源污染。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.