乳化炸药密度在线检测技术

简述了常见密度在线检测方法,提出了一种采用数字称重技术间接在线测量炸药密度的新方法,建立了乳化炸药密度数字在线检测与控制系统,包括系统硬件电路的设计、硬件和电气线路的安装,以及软件程序连接和调试.研究表明,样品质量与检测系统的数字输出存在良好的线性关系,测量精度满足要求.因此,该系统可实现乳化炸药密度的在线实时测定,同时还可通过PLC实现敏化效果的自动反馈与调控,从而保证乳化炸药的敏化效果和产品质量.     

火灾时人员疏散预动作时间的CDF表征法研究

为表征建筑物火灾环境下人员疏散预动作时间随机性,提出累积分布函数表征法,并给出根据已知累积分布曲线产生随机预动作时间的方法和步骤。对1993年发生在美国纽约2幢世贸中心双子大楼(WT1和WT2)的火灾案例进行分析。结果表明,前人提出的正态分布、威布尔分布等概率分布表征人员疏散预动作时间,具有一定的局限性,对WT1的数据比较适用,对于WT2数据完全失效。而应用累积分布函数法分别对WT1和WT2的数据进行表征,结果表明,模拟生成随机预动作时间的累积分布与原始数据的累积分布曲线完全吻合。同时,随机预动作时间的均值和标准差几乎与样本大小无关。     

Evaluation of the flexibility of protective gloves.

Two mechanical methods have been developed for the characterization of the flexibility of protective gloves, a key factor affecting their degree of usefulness for workers. The principle of the first method is similar to the ASTM D 4032 standard relative to fabric stiffness and simulates the deformations encountered by gloves that are not tight fitted to the hand. The second method characterizes the flexibility of gloves that are worn tight fitted. Its validity was theoretically verified for elastomer materials. Both methods should prove themselves as valuable tools for protective glove manufacturers, allowing for the characterization of their existing products in terms of flexibility and the development of new ones better fitting workers' needs.     

火灾后混凝土结构的评估与维修

本文详细介绍了火灾后混凝土结构的现场勘察、材料性能的检测方法.给出了通过收集火灾现场的有关资料对结构损伤进行判定的准则.并根据材料性质对损伤进行分类,提出了对于不同的损伤等级根据维修准则选择喷射混凝土、树脂维修、加覆层维修等不同的维修方法,通过维修可以保证结构的强度、稳定性、耐火性和外观特征.     

高速气流法低温固相合成聚苯胺类聚合物研究

聚苯胺和聚2,5-二甲氧基苯胺具有很好的电化学性能、光学性能等,广泛应用于电致变色显示器、化学传感器、抗静电涂层及太阳能电池等领域。不同于传统的机械化学合成法,首次应用高速气流法低温固相合成了聚苯胺和聚2,5-二甲氧基苯胺,同时用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TG)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)对两种聚合物进行了表征;此外,测试了两种聚合物的循环伏安特性,结果表明,两者均具有较好的电化学性能。相比于传统的机械化学合成法,高速气流法低温固相合成能够高效快速、连续循环制备聚苯胺类化合物,而且此方法具有操作简便、高效率、低能耗、安全性好和绿色环保等优点,可应用于诸多领域。     

Ventilation theory and dispersion modelling applied to hazardous area classification

Critical formulae given in the current Explosive Atmospheres Hazardous Area Classification Standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2008) [BS EN 60079-10-1, 2009] to determine the expected gas cloud volume which is used to determine area classification do not have any scientific justification. The standard does allow the alternative use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, which serve to compound the concern with these formulae: the predicted volume of the gas cloud from CFD models being several orders of magnitude smaller than that given by the formulae in question. To resolve such major discrepancies, replacement of the current formulae with a scientifically validated approach is proposed. Integral models of dispersion and ventilation have been used routinely for many years in the analysis of major hazards in the chemical industry. This paper presents an adaptation of these models to determine the expected volume of a gas cloud arising from a release of gas from a pressurised source. A very simple integral jet model is presented for outdoor dispersion, extended to the case of indoor dispersion, from which the volume of the gas cloud is derived. The single free parameter, an entrainment coefficient, is fixed by comparison with data on a free jet, and then predictions of the model are compared with CFD calculations (which themselves have been validated against experimental data) for dispersion within an enclosed volume. The results of this simple integral model are seen to agree very well with the CFD predictions. The methodology presented here is therefore proposed as a scientifically validated approach to Hazardous Area Classification.     

不同去除浊度方法对水中总磷测定影响的比较

本文研究了去除浊度方法的不同是否会导致各监测单位测定结果可比性差异。首先,通过在线自动监测仪器法和实验室钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷浓度的比对实验所得出的监测数据结果发现,两者的结果误差较小,说明自动监测仪器分析结果与常规实验室手工法测定结果基本一致,未发现可比性差异,同样稳定可靠。同时,通过实验系统研究了手工法中应用浊度-色度补偿法、过滤法及离心法等去除浊度干扰的前处理方法,实验结果表明:三种分析方法测定结果基本一致,精密度和加标回收率均符合质量控制要求,测定结果无显著差异。     

Introducing the STAMP method in road tunnel safety assessment

After the tremendous accidents in European road tunnels over the past decade, many risk assessment methods have been proposed worldwide, most of them based on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA). Although QRAs are helpful to address physical aspects and facilities of tunnels, current approaches in the road tunnel field have limitations to model organizational aspects, software behavior and the adaptation of the tunnel system over time. This paper reviews the aforementioned limitations and highlights the need to enhance the safety assessment process of these critical infrastructures with a complementary approach that links the organizational factors to the operational and technical issues, analyze software behavior and models the dynamics of the tunnel system. To achieve this objective, this paper examines the scope for introducing a safety assessment method which is based on the systems thinking paradigm and draws upon the STAMP model. The method proposed is demonstrated through a case study of a tunnel ventilation system and the results show that it has the potential to identify scenarios that encompass both the technical system and the organizational structure. However, since the method does not provide quantitative estimations of risk, it is recommended to be used as a complementary approach to the traditional risk assessments rather than as an alternative.     

储罐液位灾害及其关键液位确定方法研究

储罐关键液位的确定在储罐液位灾害防护系统中起着至关重要的作用,是构建储罐液位灾害防护系统的重要步骤之一。现阶段的储罐灾害分析均偏向于高液位灾害分析,且国内外有关储罐液位的条例规范也较为模糊笼统,仅给出了关键高液位的计算公式与储罐低液位的概念和粗略定值。因此在给出确定响应时间方法的同时,参照API-STD-2350—2012中给出的储罐关键高液位计算公式,结合我国生产实践中储罐运行的实际情况与储罐低液位灾害的具体情况,对原有的3个储罐关键高液位计算公式进行修正,并在其基础上定义了储罐高液位联锁触发液位,给出了该液位与储罐关键低液位的计算公式。     

Quantitative risk assessment integrated with dynamic process simulation for reactor section in heavy oil desulfurization process

A new methodology for quantitative risk assessment (QRA) integrated with dynamic simulation and accident simulation is proposed. The objective of this study is to discover inherent risks that are undetectable by conventional risk analysis methods based on steady-state conditions. The target process is the reactor section in the heavy oil desulfurization (HOD) process, which is likely to pose vast potential risks due to the high operating conditions of pressure and temperature. First, a dynamic simulation of a shut-down procedure was performed to observe the behavior of process variables using Aspen HYSYS V10, which is a commercially available process software. Based on the results of the dynamic simulation, several blind spots indicating a higher operating pressure than that in the steady-state simulation were identified. To assess the risks of the detected blind spots, a QRA was performed using the commercial software of SAFETI V8.22, which performs risk calculation based on consequence and frequency data. As a result of applying the proposed method to the HOD process, the risk assessment outcome was identified as intolerably risky unlike that of steady-state conditions, thereby indicating that dynamic simulations can serve as a method to spot inherent risks that are undetectable in steady-state conditions. In addition, mitigation procedures that reduce the risk of the process to a tolerable level are performed, thereby enabling a safer and more reliable process.     

Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference

The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.     

3-Parameters SPW technique: A new method for evaluation of target safety integrity level

Introduced by IEC-61508 standard, safety integrity levels (SIL) have been used for assessing the reliability of safety instrumented functions (SIF) for protection of the system under control in abnormal conditions. Different qualitative, semi-qualitative and quantitative methods have been proposed by the standard for establishing target safety integrity levels amongst which “Risk Graph” has gained wide attention due to its simplicity and easy-to-apply characteristics. However, this method is subject to many deficiencies that have forced industry men and experts to modify it to fit their demands. In this paper, a new modification to risk graph parameters has been proposed that adds more flexibility to them and reduces their subjective uncertainties but keeps the method as simple as before. Three parameters, namely severity (S), hazard avoidance probability (P), and demand rate (W) are used instead of former four parameters. Hence, the method is named SPW. The outcome results of this method can be directly converted to probability of failure on demand (PFD) or risk reduction factor (RRF). The proposed method has been tested on an example case that has been studied before with conventional risk graph and LOPA techniques. The results show that new method agrees well with LOPA and reduces costs imposed by conservative approximations assumed during application of conventional risk graph.     

Rigorous Calculation of Critical Flow Conditions for Pressure Safety Devices

Sizing and verification of pressure relieving systems is an important topic in the design of process plants in order to assure equipments and people protection against malfunctions and hazards. The calculation of the critical flow (choke) condition is analysed with respect to existing standard calculations procedures (API and Omega methods) that implement approximate procedures and may not be extended to temperature/pressure regions near the thermodynamic critical point. These procedures may be replaced by a more rigorous calculation based on the evaluation of the local sonic velocity with equations of state. The method applies to systems composed of pure chemical components as well as to multi-component mixtures existing in the single phase and multi-phase regions. As a consequence of an exact calculation of the critical flow conditions, more accurate values of the discharged flowrate may be obtained. Comparisons with calculations performed using the standard API RP 520 procedure and Omega method are presented.     

Real-time leak detection in oil pipelines using an Inverse Transient Analysis model

Based on Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) method, a real-time leak detection method is proposed to capture leak location and the associated leak rate in oil pipe conveyance systems. In the proposed approach, location and flow rate of leak (if any), the fluid properties, as well as physical parameters of the system, are calculated in consecutive periods through minimizing the discrepancy between the calculated and measured flow parameters of the system. The method of characteristics is employed to numerically calculate the transient responses of the system and the genetic algorithm is utilized as the optimization engine. The proposed approach was applied to several real pipeline systems in which the required transient flow data are either directly collected from the field or fabricated with a third-party numerical software. Extensive numerical explorations were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method in real-time leak detection and to determine the extent to which field data errors, stemming from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and measurement equipment, affect the leak flow rate and location detectability of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach provides promising results under a variety of transient and steady-state flow conditions even in the case with small leak flow rate of around 2% of the line rate. The results also reveal that the noises in the measurement data and the errors originated from SCADA systems do not significantly compromise the leak detectability of the proposed approach, confirming that the proposed approach can be utilized in practice.     

Comparison of calculated data for the flammability and the oxidation potential according to ISO 10156 with experimentally determined values

The classification of flammable gas mixtures is based on either testing or calculation methods proposed by the revised international standard ISO 10156. This standard is used for classification of physical hazards in Chapters 2.2 and 2.4 of the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and in the UN Recommendations on Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG). The test methods of flammability and oxidizing potential in this standard were developed by BAM. Earlier versions of this standard are not based on triangular diagrams and on the reference combustible substance “ethane”. The old material characteristics, especially in case of oxidizing potential, are based mostly on practical experience without any quantifiable test results. First time it is possible to compare experimental results from the CHEMSAFE database with the newly developed calculation method. In this paper the basic principles of the calculation methods are presented and the methods are validated by examples. A comparison of experimental flammability data with classification results gained by the calculation methods of ISO 10156 is demonstrated.     

基于MAIB事故报告的人为失误灰色关联分析

人为失误作为海上交通事故的主要原因,受到多种因素的影响。为了识别这些影响因素,避免或减少因人为失误导致的海上交通事故,基于96件英国海事调查委员会(MAIB)事故报告,应用熵加权灰色关联分析,分别按船旗国、船舶类型、事故类型计算人为失误与影响因素之间的关联度。结果表明,能力/技能/知识、团队协作、程序和现行规程、设备、交流(内部和外部)和管理/检验/检查是影响人为失误的主要因素。     

一种基于层次分析法的危险化学品源安全评价综合模型

危险化学品源的安全评价是安全生产管理中的一项重要内容.目前用于危险化学品源安全评价与分级的常用方法有后果分析法、道指数法、蒙德指数法以及使用临界系数判别重大危险源的方法等.在实际应用中,单独使用某一方法时,由于存在各种片面性问题而得不到满意的评价结果; 几种方法同时使用时,其评价指标、评价结果以及结果的形式又会互相冲突.为解决上述问题,建立了基于层次分析法的综合评价模型.首先,根据安全评价要求构建3层次的评价体系,在各层次中构造判断矩阵,并计算4种常用方法相对综合评价模型的置信度; 其次,对各方法统一危险分级标准,均采用危险分数划定危险级别,并取各危险分数的加权平均值--综合危险分数作为综合评价模型下的危险源分级标准.采用综合评价模型可消除单一方法进行评价时的片面性和偏差,同时,评价结果的一致化使得判断危险化学品源的危险级别以及由此采取相应级别的管理措施成为可能,将更有利于实际安全生产管理指导.     

扰动法在风网解算中的应用研究*

为简化矿井通风复杂风网的解算,提出将扰动法引入到风网解算中,并介绍扰动法的原理、风网解算的基本定律;给出常见的固定风压、固定风量和给定风机性能函数3种风机工况下的扰动方程矩阵表达式及详细的计算过程;对所提风网解算方法进行实例验证。结果表明:扰动法作为固定运算次数的近似方法,在工程实际允许的误差范围内,相比于以牛顿法为代表的迭代法耗时少、不依赖初值,是1种简单实用的风网解算方法。     

作业疲劳测量方法对比研究

作业疲劳是导致生产效率下降、事故发生的重要原因之一。研究作业疲劳对提高生产效率、减少事故的发生,以及保护劳动者安全和健康具有重要意义。而作业疲劳测量方法是作业疲劳研究的前提和基础。因此,本文首先对作业疲劳的分类及其导致疲劳的原因进行了简单概述,并归纳总结了目前常用的几种作业疲劳测量方法,包括：主观感觉询问表评价法、生理参数测试法、生物化学测试法、心理学测试方法以及几种方法相结合的综合测试方法,并分析了上述几种作业疲劳测量方法的测量目的、适用范围、以及各自的优缺点,且针对不同研究目的提出了作业疲劳测量方法的选择和使用原则,并探讨了几个重点作业疲劳测量方法的研究方向,以及作业疲劳测量方法的完善方法。     

An extension of Multiple Greek Letter method for common cause failures modelling

Common cause failure describes a condition where several components share the same source of failure that causes them to fail or become unavailable simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to present an improved approach to common cause failure modelling within reliability analyses. The currently used methods allow one component to share common characteristics with only one group of components, which may be affected by the same source of failure. Therefore, an improved method was developed, where components can be assigned to several groups of components that are susceptible to faulty operation with respect to their similar characteristics. A mathematical derivation of the method is presented and the theory is applied to smaller theoretical samples and to a simplified real example. The results show that the new method enables a more detailed reliability analysis. The results prove that consideration of common cause failures using the improved method may decrease the system reliability compared to traditional common cause failure consideration. The system reliability decreases more, if the redundant components have more similarities and are therefore assigned to several common cause failure groups.