新疆鸟类和哺乳动物物种丰富度空间异质性及其多尺度效应

基于新疆维吾尔自治区鸟类和哺乳动10km×10km物种空间分布数据及1km×1km土地利用数据,引入NDVI、海拔和地理纬度等辅助数据,分别对物种和土地利用数据进行尺度变换,计算分析了1～10km尺度下的景观指数,并进一步在生态系统层面进行尺度效应研究,以探究表征物种多样性空间异质性的合理尺度.结果表明:新疆总体的景观...     

Sown species richness and realized diversity can influence functioning of plant communities differently

Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments (BEF) typically manipulate sown species richness and composition of experimental communities to study ecosystem functioning as a response to changes in diversity. If sown species richness is taken as a measure of diversity and aboveground biomass production as a measure of community functioning, then this relationship is usually found to be positive. The sown species richness can be considered the equivalent of a local species pool in natural communities. However, in addition to species richness, realized diversity is also an important community diversity component. Realized diversity is affected by environmental filtering and biotic interactions operating within a community. As both sown species richness and the realized diversity in BEF studies (as well as local species pool vs observed realized richness in natural communities) can differ markedly, so can their effects on the community functioning. We tested this assumption using two data sets: data from a short-term pot experiment and data from the long-term Jena biodiversity plot experiment. We considered three possible predictors of community functioning (aboveground biomass production): sown species richness, realized diversity (defined as inverse of Simpson dominance index), and survivor species richness. Sown species richness affected biomass production positively in all cases. Realized diversity as well as survivor species richness had positive effects on biomass in approximately half of cases. When realized diversity or survivor species richness was tested together with sown species richness, their partial effects were none or negative. Our results suggest that we can expect positive diversity–productivity relationship when the local species pool size is the decisive factor determining realized observed diversity; in other cases, the shape of the diversity–functioning relationship may be quite opposite.     

海河流域浮游植物物种组成与丰富度水平分布格局

通过对海河流域八大水系197个采样点的采样调查,发现海河流域浮游植物共8科95属505种.北三河水系与子牙河水系浮游植物物种数、限制种比例高于其他水系;而徒骇马颊河水系与滦河水系浮游植物物种丰富度最高.通过一元线性回归分析发现除滦河水系外的7个水系浮游植物物种丰富度具有显著的纬度、经度分布格局(p＜0.05)通过绘制海河流域浮游植物物种丰富度分布图,分析发现:除永定河水系外,海河流域浮游植物丰富度整体上呈现出由上游向下游递减的趋势.采用SPSS软件对八大水系浮游植物物种丰富度进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,八个水系被聚为3类,其中徒骇马颊河水系与黑龙港水系聚为一类.Sprensen相似性系数计算结果发现徒骇马颊河水系与滦河水系浮游植物物种组成最为相似.     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

A database of modeled gridded dry deposition velocities for 45 gaseous species and three particle size ranges across North America

The dry deposition process refers to the?ux loss of an atmospheric pollutant due to uptake of the pollutant by the earth’s surfaces.Dry deposition?ux of a chemical species is typically calculated as the product of its surface-layer concentration and its dry deposition velocity(V_d).Field measurement based V_ddata are very scarce or do not exist for many chemical species considered in chemistry transport models.In the present study,gaseous and particulate dry deposition scheme...     

A comparison of sampling techniques for VOCs in soil

Samples (5 g) of an organic soil spiked with a standard volatile organic compound mixture were collected by two methods. One group of samples was weighed upon transfer with a spatula into vials, an aqueous sodium bisulfate solution and a magnetic stirring bar were added and the vial was immediately capped. The other group of samples was obtained with a coring sampler that collected a volume of soil equivalent to 5 g. The sample was immediately transferred into similarly prepared vials. The vials were then sealed with septum-sealed screw caps. Analytes were extracted from the soil matrix using a purge-and-trap technique, SW-846 EPA Method 5035, and then separated, identified, and quantitated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry SW-846 EPA Method 8260. Samples obtained by means of the coring sampler consistently gave lower recoveries than did those samples that were manually weighed and placed in a sample vial.     

Transabdominal villus sampling in early second trimester: A safe sampling method for women of advanced age

Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA-CVS) was performed in 707 viable singleton pregnancies to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Maternal age ranged between 36 and 49 years (mean 37·9 years); gestational age varied between 10·2 and 18·3 weeks (mean 13·3 weeks). In 639 women (90·4 per cent), a sufficient amount of chorionic tissue (⩾ 10 mg) was obtained after one needle insertion; in 66 women (9·3 per cent) two insertions were needed. An abnormal chromosome pattern was established in 19 cases (2·9 per cent). Vaginal bleeding or spotting within 28 days after TA-CVS occurred in 11 cases (1·5 per cent). The completed follow-up of 678 chromosomally normal pregnancies showed an overall fetal loss rate of 2·6 per cent before 28 weeks. The overall perinatal mortality was 0·9 per cent. When relating fetal loss to gestational age at TA-CVS, this was 6·6 per cent in women sampled before 12 weeks against only 1·8 per cent after 12 weeks. At the same time, the percentage of fetal loss occurring within 2 weeks following the procedure was 75 and 30 per cent, respectively. It is suggested that these data reflect the decline in spontaneous abortion rate during this particular period of pregnancy. It is concluded that TA-CVS is an effective procedure which, when performed after the natural decrease of fetal loss, appears to be a safe option for women of advanced maternal age.     

A prospective study of spontaneous miscarriage in ultrasonically normal pregnancies and relevance to chorion villus sampling

A total of 1068 patients were examined by ultrasound to ensure normality of pregnancy and followed prospectively from booking until 28 weeks. The spontaneous miscarriage rate was 2.7 per cent occuring within the first 16 weeks. Threatened miscarriage was associated with a 38 per cent fetal loss. Miscarriage was less likely as pregnancy advanced. The reduction in subsequent miscarriage rate before 11 weeks and from 11 weeks onwards is statistically significant (p<0.001). Gravidity, maternal age and a history of previous fetal loss did not contribute significantly to the miscarriage rate. Patients with a history of fetal loss were more likely to experience a threatened miscarriage. The relevance of these findings to chorion villus sampling is discussed.     

舟山附近海域表层沉积物粒度及重金属研究

以舟山附近海域表层沉积物2016年8月的监测资料为基础,对沉积物粒度特征和重金属含量及其影响因素进行了研究,对重金属污染程度进行了评价,旨在为舟山附近海域沉积环境的研究提供地球化学资料。结果表明:舟山附近海域表层沉积物粒度组成均以粉砂和粘土为主;沉积物类型以粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土为主;各重金属元素平均含量顺序依次为Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd > Hg;空间分布波动程度顺序依次为Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn > Cr > Hg;Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn具有相似污染源;有机碳是控制表层沉积物中重金属含量分布的重要因素;重金属污染程度依次为Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr,趋向中度污染水平。     

“白色污染”综合治理探究——以青岛市为例

“白色污染”给自然界带来了“视觉污染”和“潜在的危害” ,如焚烧它们会释放有毒气体 ,发电机组吸入它们影响运转等。随着社会经济的不断发展和人民生活水平的提高 ,塑料制品需求量日益增加 ,造成“白色污染物”的排放量猛增。为此一些专家把“白色污染”列为继水污染、大气污染后的第三大社会公害污染 ,已经到了非彻底治理不可的程度。但如何治理是一个比较棘手的问题 ,分析了我国塑料制品的发展情况和“白色污染”的现状 ,认为“白色污染”屡禁不止的主要原因是缺乏相关的经济补偿政策和管理不力。废旧塑料回收再利用是解决“白色污染”的最重要途径 ,可以使之资源化、减量化、无害化。同时就如何开展回收利用提出了一些建议 ,以期能够有效缓解或根治“白色污染”。     

A comparative study of particle size distribution from two oxygenated fuels and diesel fuel

Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes.     

城市适度人口规模的多目标决策方法及应用

适度的人口规模是城市可持续发展的关键.针对人口研究的系统性和复杂性,本文提出一种城市适度人口规模的多目标决策方法,基于不同城市发展情景下资源要素供给状况与城市人口需求特征,计算供需关系共同制约下的适度人口规模.以北京市通州新城为案例应用该模型,结果表明,综合决策经济发展、社会生活和生态环境等影响要素,通州新城到2020年适度人口规模约为75～78万,规划期内就业、社会保障、供水、住房为约束人口规模的主要因素.     

Benefits and costs of controlling three allergenic alien species under climate change and dispersal scenarios in Central Europe

Climate change is likely to exacerbate the negative effects of invasive alien species (IAS) as it will foster their further spread. This paper analyses the potential socio-economic effects of three emerging IAS (giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida; annual wormwood, Artemisia annua; and burweed marshelder, Iva xanthiifolia), which are known to cause substantial harm to human health and to have negative effects on agricultural production. The novelty of the study consists in an integrated approach that combines several aspects of IAS research and management. We model the future spread of the study species in Central Europe by the year 2050 under several climate change, management and spread scenarios. The costs and benefits of controlling the expansion of these IAS are based on this forecast. The results show that an early and coordinated response to the spread of these IAS yields substantial net benefits under all scenarios. Under the conditions of moderate climate change (+1.5 °C), discounted net benefits range from €19 to €582 million. Assuming more severe climate change (+2.4 °C), total savings over the full period are projected to add up to €1063 million. These large socio-economic benefits provide compelling evidence that public authorities should act preventively to restrict the spread of these three IAS.     

基于GIS的海湾陆源污染排海总量控制的空间优化分配方法研究——以大连湾为例

开发了基于GIS的海湾陆源污染排海总量控制的空间优化分配的方法 .并在“大连湾数据库”的支持下 ,以大连湾为例 ,研究了陆源污染排海总量控制的空间优化分配问题 .为环境空间优化决策提供依据     

贵州植物物种高丰富度区域人类干扰变化分析

结合地面调查和卫星遥感监测手段,基于贵州省维管植物、濒危植物物种、特有物种野外调查数据的整理和空间化,叠加形成物种高丰富度区,结合1990～2018年贵州土地利用和人类干扰遥感监测数据,对其动态变化进行分析,结果表明:1)贵州植物物种高丰富度区域主要分布在册亨县、安定县、兴义市、兴仁县、凯里市、雷山县、印江土家族苗族自...     

Reduced population size does not affect the mating strategy of a vulnerable and endemic seabird

Bottleneck episodes may occur in small and isolated animal populations, which may result in decreased genetic diversity and increased inbreeding, but also in mating strategy adjustment. This was evaluated in the vulnerable and socially monogamous Monteiro’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi, a seabird endemic to the Azores archipelago which has suffered a dramatic population decline since the XVth century. To do this, we conducted a genetic study (18 microsatellite markers) in the population from Praia islet, which has been monitored over 16 years. We found no evidence that a genetic bottleneck was associated with this demographic decline. Monteiro’s Storm-petrels paired randomly with respect to genetic relatedness and body measurements. Pair fecundity was unrelated to genetic relatedness between partners. We detected only two cases of extra-pair parentage associated with an extra-pair copulation (out of 71 offspring). Unsuccessful pairs were most likely to divorce the next year, but genetic relatedness between pair mates and pair breeding experience did not influence divorce. Divorce enabled individuals to improve their reproductive performances after re-mating only when the new partner was experienced. Re-pairing with an experienced partner occurred more frequently when divorcees changed nest than when they retained their nest. This study shows that even in strongly reduced populations, genetic diversity can be maintained, inbreeding does not necessarily occur, and random pairing is not risky in terms of pair lifetime reproductive success. Given, however, that we found no clear phenotypic mate choice criteria, the part played by non-morphological traits should be assessed more accurately in order to better understand seabird mating strategies.     

A new design of groundwater sampling device and its application

Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.