极端油藏微生物多样性分析

文章通过对哈得油田超高温、超高盐油藏油水样品中微生物种类多样性和优势菌群的研究,考察极端油藏内源微生物的分布特征,探讨生物采油技术在超高温、超高盐油藏条件下的应用可行性。采集哈得油田HD1-1H、HD1-9H、HD1-15H、HD1-21H和HD1-23H 5组水平井油水样,利用第二代高通量测序技术测定油水样品内微生物的16S rDNA V3-V4变异区序列,应用QIIME软件整理和统计样本序列数目和操作分类单元(OTUs)数量,分析物种的丰度、分布和多样性,以及不同井微生物物种多样性丰度的差异。哈得油水样中内源微生物资源丰富,5组油水样属水平的微生物类群数分别为196、199、184、212和220,微生物在分类种类和所占比例上具有显著差异。优势菌群中有多种明确的采油功能微生物,如芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、乳球菌属等。该研究明确了哈德油田具有较丰富的微生物采油物质基础,丰富了对超高温、超高盐极端油藏微生物多样性的认识,拓展了生物采油技术在极端油藏中的应用范围。     

微生物固定化技术在污水处理中的应用

通过对微生物固定化方式、载体分类的介绍,综述了微生物固定化技术在污水处理中的应用研究进展,认为微生物经固定化后在污水处理中的效果明显大于游离状态.最后对微生物固定化技术在污水处理方面的应用前景及存在的问题进行了评述.     

固定化微生物技术及其在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种有效的废水生物处理技术，与普通生物处理法相比具有生物密度高、耐毒性、耐冲击负荷高等优点。本文着重介绍了常见的几种固定化微生物方法和载体及在废水处理中的应用，分析了各种方法与载体在应用中的优缺点．指出理想的固定化载体应该具备价格低廉、性质稳定、传质性能良好、对微生物无毒等条件，同时对固定化微生物技术提出了技术展望。     

采油废水处理技术研究

采油废水含有大量聚合物,成分复杂,粘度大,且乳化严重极难处理,目前已有部分相关的研究报道.文中关注了近十年各种处理技术的研究成果,着重介绍了传统工艺和膜处理技术在采油废水领域的应用与研究以及存在的主要问题,虽然膜处理存在污染问题,但大量研究结果表明传统处理技术与膜处理技术的有效组合是达到油田回注水标准的有效途径.     

氧气与盐度对港西某油井本源微生物的影响

为了探索绿色、环保、经济的微生物采油技术在大港港西某油井的基本理论参数,本文通过PCR-DGGE技术和微量量热技术,开展了在好氧激活本源微生物技术下,氧气的进入对油藏本源微生物细菌群落的影响以及本源微生物生长的适宜盐度范围的试验研究。结果表明:氧气的进入对油藏本源微生物细菌群落将构成很大的影响,在10d的培养期内,氧气表现出了很强的选择作用,其促进了一些好氧或兼性细菌的快速生长,同时也抑制了厌氧细菌的生长,此后不同时期的本源微生物细菌群落表现各不相同,但其多样性水平差异不大,可能是因为微生物代谢过程的连续反应、微生物之间的拮抗和协同作用等;微生物的热功率输出曲线因盐度的不同而表现出很强的规律性,通过对其相关参数的计算、拟合及分析,得到大港港西被测油井的本源微生物好氧激活生长的最佳盐度条件为2 000~5 000mg/L,较佳盐度条件为0~10 000mg/L,而当盐度大于50 000mg/L时,微生物活动基本停止,不适于好氧激活技术的应用。     

受污染土壤的微生物修复

污染土壤的微生物修复技术是一项非常有应用前景的环保新技术,它既经济又无二次污染,具有其它修复技术难以比拟的优势。本文介绍了中国土壤中重金属、农药、烃类污染的现状与危害,总结了土壤污染的微生物修复技术的研究现状,重点介绍了能够降解污染物的微生物,并从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述了国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术。同时,结合当前土壤污染的新特点对微生物修复技术进行预测和展望．指出了需要进一步研究的领域。     

固定化微生物技术处理废水

归纳综述了固定化微生物技术在废水处理领域的应用,着重介绍了常用固定化方法、载体的选择、影响因素等3方面的内容。固定化微生物技术处理废水具有效率高、稳定性好、能纯化和保持高效菌种等优点,有广阔的应用前景。实际应用中,能否开发出成本低、寿命长,且能使固定微生物保持较长时间的强度和活度的载体及固定化方法,则是推广该技术的关键。     

固定微生物技术及其在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是本世纪七十年代由固定化酶技术发展起来的。该技术与游微生物处理技术相比，具有明显的优越性。目前，固定化微生物技术已成为各国研究者的热点之一，并在有关废水处理中取得明显成果，显示出其广阔的发展前景。本文着重介绍国内外固定化微生物的最新技术、方法及其在高浓度有机废水、难生物降解物质、脱色及深度处理方面的应用现状。     

透光率脉动法检测水中病原微生物数量的研究

本文介绍了具有抗消毒剂功能的病原微生物的各种检测方法和应用范围。实验研究证明，透光率脉动检测技术可以用于在线连续、准确地检测水中的大多数病原微生物     

胜利油田采油废水污染现状及达标处理技术探讨

本文评价了油田采油外排污水的污染现状，并对油田主要的采油污水处理技术及其生产中的应用情况进行了调查、分析与评价。调研结果表明：油田采油污水的外排量较大，处理达标率很低，环境污染严重；目前采用的大部分采油外排污水处理技术已不能适应油田生产的需求，必须研究开发新的采油外排污水处理技术。利用氧化塘技术处理桩西联采油废水和利用生物接触氧化法处理孤岛采油废水的工程实验获得成功，废水最终达标排放。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.