几种基质对水中磷的吸附特性

选取钢渣、活性炭、天然沸石、粗砂4种基质,结合矿物成分分析研究其对磷的等温吸附特征和吸附动力学过程,并考察pH值对其吸附磷的影响.结果表明:活性炭、天然沸石、粗砂的等温吸附特征与Freundlich方程拟合较好(r>0.9);而钢渣更符合Langmuir方程.其吸附能力大小为:钢渣>活性炭>沸石>粗砂.沸石、粗砂对磷酸盐的吸附以物理吸附为主,钢渣以化学吸附为主,而活性炭在前期以物理吸附为主,后期则以化学吸附为主.Elovich方程和双常数速率方程能较好的反映4种基质对磷的吸附动力学特征.pH值的变化对钢渣的吸附性影响不大,沸石在酸性及弱碱性条件下对磷的吸附性相当,活性炭在pH3~13吸附量维持在190mg/kg左右,粗砂在pH3时吸附量达最大,综合而言,在土地处理系统的实际应用中,选取钢渣可获取最佳的除磷效果.     

钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除

研究了钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,钢渣蒙脱石质量比为1∶1的复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附效果优于钢渣及蒙脱石对Cd2+的单一吸附.当温度为25℃,废水pH=6~7时,1.2 g钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对100 mL Cd2+溶液(100 mg·L-1)吸附60 min后,Cd2+的去除率可达到96.99%.钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对镉离子的吸附反应符合二级动力学方程,可决系数为0.9991;符合Langmuir方程,可决系数为0.9725.对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为12.45 mg·g-1.溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+的存在会降低复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附量,且Cd2+受Cu2+的影响较大.吸附饱和的钢渣-蒙脱石颗粒材料用1 mol·L-1的氯化钠溶液再生效果好.     

电炉钢渣对水中Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+的去除作用

以宝钢电炉钢渣为研究对象,考察了钢渣对溶液中重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学特征,借助多种分析手段(XRD、BET比表面分析、SEM/EDS等)对钢渣进行了理化性能测试和表征.结果表明,电炉钢渣对重金属离子的吸附速率较快,吸附速率顺序为Cd2+>Pb2+>Cu2+,吸附过程符合一级动力学模型(R2>0.99).吸附等温实验结果表明,Langmuir模型较为适合重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附,实验条件下对Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+离子的最大吸附容量分别为0.101、0.058、0.120 mmol.g-1.3种重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附是一个吸热(ΔH0<0)、熵值增大(ΔS0>0)的自发反应过程(ΔG0<0),熵效应是吸附反应自发进行的主要驱动力.SEM/EDS分析结果揭示了吸附前后钢渣表面形貌和化学成分的变化.电炉钢渣以其低价、高效性在重金属废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

改性钢渣对镉离子吸附特征的研究

对比不同的改性方法,研究改性钢渣对镉离子去除的效果,并对改性前后钢渣吸附性能进行比较。通过考察粒径、投加量、处理时间、镉溶液初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,拟合吸附等温曲线。实验结果表明,高温活化改性钢渣效果最佳,当改性1.5 h,温度为800℃时镉离子去除率达到最高为94%。在室温条件下,在100 m L含镉溶液(镉离子初始浓度10 mg/L)中,投加1 g粒径为0.15~0.9mm的钢渣,振荡30 min后吸附达到最佳。高温改性钢渣对镉离子的吸附过程符合Freundlich方程,相关系数为0.998 4。     

钢渣粉末吸附去除废水中磷的研究

选用平均粒径为0.060mm的钢渣粉末作为除磷吸附剂,分析了其组成和结构,研究了溶液pH和温度对钢渣粉末吸附效果的影响,结合吸附动力学过程和吸附等温模型及钢渣粉末组成成分变化探讨其吸附除磷的机理。结果表明:钢渣粉末吸附除磷的动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型。Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟钢渣对磷的等温吸附过程,理论饱和吸附量为94.61mg/g。钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量远大于钢渣颗粒,且受pH和温度影响较大。随着溶液pH的增大,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量逐渐减小,当pH=5时,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量最大。温度升高,有利于钢渣粉末对磷的吸附。X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和傅里叶红外分析(FITR)结果表明,钢渣粉末中CaO、Fe2O3和SiO2在吸附除磷中均发挥了重要作用。     

钢渣对水体中磷的去除性能及机制解析

针对不同类型钢渣在除磷过程中存在的显著差异,以电炉渣为研究对象,探讨了环境因素（吸附时间、吸附温度）对钢渣除磷的影响,验证了其对磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐及实际水体的除磷效果,联合采用扫描电镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线能谱（EDS）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和X射线衍射光谱（XRD）技术探究其除磷机制,对比分析了钢渣与陶粒和沸石的除磷效率,并对钢渣除磷的安全性能进行了评估.结果表明,吸附时间显著影响钢渣除磷效果,当吸附时间为30 min时钢渣对质量浓度范围为1~20 mg·L^-1的磷酸盐溶液的去除率均可达到97%以上.温度对实验所用钢渣的除磷效果影响并不显著.钢渣对焦磷酸盐吸附能力弱于正磷酸盐,其对初始质量浓度为3 mg·L^-1的焦磷酸盐的去除率为82.45%.光谱分析结果表明,钢渣除磷的主要机制为化学吸附并辅以物理吸附,CaHPO₄·2H₂O为主要沉淀物质.钢渣对生物池出水和湿地系统中的磷素去除效果显著,总磷去除率分别为98.36%和93.33%.对比可知,钢渣对磷酸盐的去除效果优于陶粒和沸石,其对PO₄^3-的去除率分别为96%、40%和10%.钢渣浸出液中各重金属含量均符合地表水Ⅰ类标准要求,钢渣安全可靠.     

4种人工湿地填料的f2噬菌体吸附特性

以无烟煤、钢渣、沸石和镁橄榄石这4种人工湿地填料为研究对象,以f2噬菌体为模型病毒,通过静态和动态吸附试验,考察和比较了4种填料的f2噬菌体吸附效果与特性.静态吸附结果表明,4种填料的f2噬菌体吸附去除效果依次为无烟煤>钢渣>镁橄榄石≈沸石,其中无烟煤对f2噬菌体的吸附过程经历了快、中、慢3个吸附阶段,且随着无烟煤投加量的增加,f2噬菌体去除率逐渐增加,优化的无烟煤投加量为8.0 g(固液比1∶12.5);4种填料的f2噬菌体等温吸附满足Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程;无烟煤和钢渣的f2噬菌体吸附满足准二级吸附动力学,它们的理论平衡吸附量分别为3.35×108PFU·g-1和2.56×108PFU·g-1,与试验条件下得到的平衡吸附量基本一致;液膜扩散过程为无烟煤和钢渣吸附f2噬菌体的速率控制步骤,但不是唯一控制步骤.动态吸附结果表明,吸附柱的f2噬菌体吸附过程经历了适应、吸附、脉冲吸附和动态平衡这4个阶段,达到动态平衡时的f2噬菌体对数去除率大于2.55 lg.     

溶液中腐植酸对钢渣吸附重金属离子的影响

文章以宝钢钢渣和首钢钢渣为吸附剂,通过吸附实验考察了溶液中腐殖酸的存在对钢渣吸附重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+的影响。研究结果表明钢渣可以同时吸附去除溶液中的腐植酸和重金属离子。腐殖酸的存在可以明显的促进钢渣对重金属离子的吸附。腐殖酸浓度为30 mg/L时,可使宝钢钢渣对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的理论吸附量分别增大61%、58%和33%;使首钢钢渣对Cu2+和Pb2+的理论吸附量分别增大40%、48%和11%。而重金属离子的存在会抑制腐殖酸在钢渣上的吸附。腐植酸通过在钢渣表面形成"吸附位点—腐植酸—重金属"的结构,来促进钢渣对重金属的吸附。     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.     

钢渣对酸性含Ni(Ⅱ)废水的吸附-中和作用

以碱性钢渣为水处理材料,研究了其吸附、中和酸性含Ni(Ⅱ)废水的工艺过程和机理。结果表明:在钢渣粒度小于2 mm、用量10 g/L、温度25℃、搅拌强度100 r/min条件下钢渣与Ni(Ⅱ)浓度200 mg/L、pH值4.8的废水反应8 min,可使废水中Ni(Ⅱ)浓度降低到0.25 mg/L,pH值升高到7.2,达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。钢渣对酸性废水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附式,其饱和吸附量达37 mg/g,反应包括钢渣中碱性物质的水解、Ni(Ⅱ)生成Ni(OH)2沉淀、生成的Ni(OH)2沉淀吸附于钢渣表面等几个过程。X射线衍射分析证明钢渣表面吸附了Ni(OH)2沉淀物。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.