生物沸石反应器在微污染水源水处理中的应用

首次利用生物沸石反应器去除微污染水源水中的 NH₃^- N、NO^-₂ - N、Mn、有机物、色度、浊度等 .经长期运行测试 ,生物沸石反应器对 NH₃^- N平均去除率可达 93%,对 NO^-₂ - N的平均去除率为 90 %,对有机物可去除 32 %,并提出了反应器的最佳过滤速度为 8～10 m/h,最佳填料填充高度为 600～800 mm.生物沸石反应器具有和生物活性炭、生物陶粒一样的性能 .该技术为微污染水源水质净化提供了一种新材料 ,新途径 .     

单级自养脱氮工艺氨氮去除途径研究

以SBBR单级自养脱氮系统的污泥为对象,采用不同的人工模拟废水为反应器进水,通过批式试验的方式研究了单级自养脱氮系统内的中间产物及氮素平衡情况,并探讨了氨氮的去除途径.结果表明,以仅含氨氮的人工模拟废水为进水,在未投加有机碳源的条件下,系统内62％的氨氮被转化为NO^-₂、NO^-₃、NH₂ＯH、N₂Ｈ₄、NO、NO₂、N₂Ｏ和N₂等一系列氮化合物,其中N₂占90.07％.单级自养脱氮系统内的氨氮是由多种途径去除的.4.5％的氨氮是在吹脱等物化作用下去除的,不超过3.73％的氨氮是通过传统的硝化反硝化途径去除的,53.77％的氨氮是由自养脱氮途径去除的,自养脱氮反应起主要的脱氮作用,且自养脱氮反应可以通过2条代谢途径来实现.但在足够NO₂存在并且缺氧的条件下,单级自养脱氮系统内的出水氨氮浓度与空白反应器相当,NH⁺₄并没有被亚硝化单胞菌以NO₂为电子受体氧化为NO^-₂和N₂等化合物而得以去除,可能是因为系统内不存在该类型的亚硝化功能菌.     

O3/H2O2降解Atrazine效能研究

利用O₃/H²O²降解莠去津,对氧化产物进行了色谱分析,以评价该体系降解莠去津效能.莠去津初始浓度2 mg/L,7.5 mg/L的O₃单独氧化去除率为27.2%;相同O₃投量下,H²O²/O₃摩尔比0.75时,5 min莠去津的去除率最高可达96.5%,表明H²O²/O₃体系对莠去津的去除效果良好,降解速度快.以离子色谱对产物的离子进行分析,莠去津浓度下降的同时,硝酸根和氯离子浓度增高.GC-MS检测的产物和对LC-MS谱图的分析表明,有机产物中存在脱乙基、脱异丙基和脱氯莠去津,说明H²O²/O₃并不能彻底氧化莠去津,因此工程中作为主要去除单元或突发性污染事件的应急手段可能还需要与活性炭等单元联用.     

Fereducer反应强化直流电晕自由基簇射治理苯

为强化直流电晕自由基簇射对含苯废气的去除,采用Fereducer反应进行实验研究.将含Fereducer试剂的电极气引入反应器中,在苯浓度分别为953mg/m³和63mg/m³时,其去除率提高了21%和4.2%.电极气(O₂、H₂O)的存在对苯的脱除起了不同程度的促进作用,最高可达89.6%.苯的初始浓度较低时脱除效率较高,但高浓度下的绝对去除量较大.     

白洋淀典型区域清淤前后沉积物的氮磷扩散通量研究

清淤是治理湖泊内源污染、控制水体富营养化的一项重要措施.本文对白洋淀示范工程区清淤前后沉积物的上覆水与间隙水中氮磷的含量与扩散通量进行了研究,评估清淤示范工程对白洋淀内源氮磷污染负荷的控制效果.结果表明：清淤前,南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物的表层间隙水中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度分别为0.31~8.93、0.25~5.64 mg·L^-1,磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）浓度分别为0.03~1.61、0.01~0.07 mg·L^-1,由于表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3-浓度较高,导致沉积物-水界面氮磷的扩散通量较高.南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N平均扩散通量分别为3.17、2.72 mg·m^-2·d^-1,PO₄^3-平均扩散通量分别为0.071、0.018 mg·m^-2·d^-1,表明NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-的潜在内源释放风险很高.清淤后,示范区表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-浓度有明显的下降趋势,南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物表层间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度分别为0.19~5.50、0.43~4.33 mg·L^-1,PO₄^3-浓度分别为0~0.07、0~0.03 mg·L^-1.南刘庄和采蒲台示范区沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N平均扩散通量分别为0.752、0.747 mg·m^-2·d^-1,PO₄^3-平均扩散通量分别为0.011、0.003 mg·m^-2·d^-1,可见清淤后NH₄⁺-N与PO₄^3-的潜在释放风险显著降低.由此充分说明,清淤工程有效地控制了白洋淀沉积物的内源氮磷污染负荷.     

2007年春节期间北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器分昼夜采集了2007年春节前后大气气溶胶中PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品，并采用气相色谱-质谱技术对PM_2.5样品中的多环芳烃进行了检测.春节期间大气颗粒物中PM₁₀和PM_2.5夜间平均质量浓度为232 μg·m^-3和132 μg·m^-3,分别高于白天的PM₁₀(194 μg·m^-3)和PM_2.5(107 μg·m^-3)；除夕后颗粒物日平均质量浓度为252.3 μg·m^-3 (PM₁₀)和123.8 μg·m^-3 (PM_2.5)，分别高于除夕前的166.7 μg·m^-3(PM₁₀)和106.8 μg·m^-3(PM_2.5)；同时夜间PM_2.5中多17种多环芳烃(PAHs)的总浓度都高于相应白天的总浓度，且除夕前多环芳烃日均总浓度为95.9 ng·m^-3，高于除夕后的58.9 ng·m^-3.结果表明，除了受一定的气象条件的影响外，大量燃放烟花爆竹会对大气颗粒物浓度有影响，但对大气中的多环芳烃影响不大，而春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少削减了排放到大气中的PAHs.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别北京PAHs主要以燃煤为主、交通为次的混合局地源污染.     

钢渣构造人工湿地运行初期无机氮转化特点研究

以钢渣为主要基质构建小型潜流湿地,探索湿地运行初期对污水中低浓度无机氮的去除效果及氮转化特点.结果表明,钢渣湿地对氨氮型污水中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH⁺₄-Ｎ)和硝氮(ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ)的去除速率分别是0.12、 0.07和0.10 　g·(m²·d)^-1,亚硝氮(ＮＯ^-2-Ｎ)积累速率是0.04 　g·(m²·d)^-1;荧光原位杂交方法没有在钢渣基质上检测到硝化细菌,NH⁺₄-Ｎ去除的主要途径是在高pH (>10)的水环境下挥发到上层土壤,由土壤层去除;钢渣湿地对硝氮型污水中TN的去除速率是0.23 　g·(m²·d)^-1,ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ的去除速率是0.48 　g·(m²·d)^-1,ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ在钢渣湿地内主要通过反硝化去除,反硝化过程中出现ＮＯ^-2-Ｎ积累,积累速率为0.22 　g·(m²·d)^-1.钢渣湿地运行初期对硝氮型污水的处理能力高于氨氮型污水,钢渣可作为一种强化反硝化基质应用于ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ的去除或其他组合工艺中.     

COVID-19疫情期间北京市两次重霾污染过程大气污染物演变特征及潜在源区分析

新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）期间,执行了严格居家隔离措施,人为排放源急剧降低,但北京仍出现了两次持续重霾污染过程.本研究使用北京市大气污染物、气溶胶数浓度和气象要素数据,结合气团轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了两次重霾污染过程中大气污染物的演变特征及其潜在源区贡献.结果表明,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对PM_2.5和黑碳（BC）的日变化特征影响较大,对CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃的日变化影响较小.两次重霾污染过程首要污染物均是PM_2.5,污染过程1主要是以局地污染为主,污染过程2以局地污染和外来输送为主.不同过程下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,峰值位于0.3 μm,在污染过程中主要是0.2~0.5 μm粒径气溶胶数浓度增加,是干净日的3.3~13.6倍.不同过程中BC_liquid对BC的贡献为64.8%~85.1%.BC_liquid的浓度为：污染过程2（5.04 μg ·m^-3）>污染过程1（3.20 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情前,2.31 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情,0.76 μg ·m^-3）.不同过程中PM_2.5和BC的PSCF和CWT分布特征不同.PM_2.5的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）和干净日（疫情）主要分布在北京的西南方和西部,权重浓度超过30 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程1和污染过程2主要分布在北京及其周边地区和西南部,权重浓度均超过90 μg ·m^-3.BC的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）、干净日（疫情）和污染过程1主要分布在北京及其周边地区,权重浓度分别超过2.4、0.9和4.5 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程2中分布在北京西南部,权重浓度超过5μg ·m^-3.     

北京南部城区PM2.5中碳质组分特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后北京市大气PM_2.5中碳质组分特征,于2017年12月至2018年12月在北京污染较重的南部城区进行了PM_2.5连续采样,对其中的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行了全面研究.结果表明,北京大气PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别为4.2~366.3、0.9~74.5和0.0~5.5 μg ·m^-3,平均浓度分别为（77.1±52.1）、（11.2±7.8）和（1.2±0.8）μg ·m^-3,碳质组分（OC和EC）整体占PM_2.5的16.1%.OC质量浓度季节特征表现为：冬季[（13.8±8.7）μg ·m^-3] > 春季[（12.7±9.6）μg ·m^-3] > 秋季[（11.8±6.2）μg ·m^-3] > 夏季[（6.5±2.1）μg ·m^-3],EC四季质量浓度水平均较低,范围为0.8~1.5 μg ·m^-3.二次有机碳（SOC）年均质量浓度为（5.4±5.8）μg ·m^-3,四季贡献比例范围为45.7%~52.3%,年均贡献为48.2%,凸显了二次形成的重要贡献.随污染加重,尽管OC和EC贡献比例均降低,但浓度水平却成倍升高,OC和EC浓度在严重污染天分别是空气质量为优天的6.3和3.2倍.与非供暖时段相比,供暖时段PM_2.5、OC和SOC浓度分别增加了14.4%、47.9%和72.1%,体现了OC对供暖季PM_2.5污染的重要贡献.PSCF分析表明,位于北京西南的山西省和河南省部分区域是PM_2.5和OC的主要潜在源区,且PM_2.5潜在源区更为集中;EC的PSCF高值（>0.7）区域较少,主要位于北京南部,如山东省和河南省部分地区,且北京市及周边地区贡献明显.     

电气石强化生物接触氧化法处理石化废水

针对石化废水污染成分复杂,可生化性差的特点,研究了电气石对生物接触氧化法处理石化废水效能的影响对处理前后的石化废水进行了GC-MS分析,并对反应器内的载体进行了扫描电镜(SEM)观察在石化废水进水COD和NH₄⁺-N负荷率为0.64～0.72 kg/(m³·d)和0.058～0.072 kg/(m³·d)的条件下,负载电气石系统的启动速度提高,出水COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率分别 增加8.7％和6.4％进水中共检出100种有机物污染物,主要包含芳香烃、酸、酯、酚、醇和烷烃类等化合物.负载电气石的1号反应器对石化废水中有机污染物的去除效果优于未负载电气石的2号反应器,在1号和2号反应器的出水中,有机污染物种类分别是14种和28种反应器内负载电气石的载体上有明显的菌胶团形成,细菌的生物量大电气石能够提高生物接触氧化法处理石化废水的效能     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.