氢燃料提供动力环保小车将解决停车困扰

随着城市的不断扩展,停车位的急剧缺乏,越来越强调生态环保车型。例如Embryo,是款两座城市用车。Embryo概念车由燃料电池提供动力,采用氢等清洁燃料,是款环保车型。其内部装饰大部分采用可循环使用的铝金属及硅材料。该车看起来就像一个有机体,但又不乏安全性能。该车的车身外观采用柔软的材料,而其内部则设置保护层,用来吸收由于碰撞产生的能量,以保护乘客的安全。     

为何燃烧释放的CO2量比燃料本身还重

咋一接触这个问题,感到稀奇的同时,也难以理解。经过苏珊·特朗博雷教授载文的解释,道理也就清楚了,现摘录于下。他说：碳燃料通常以一种还原态的形式存在,也就是说,碳原子大多数都附着在氢原子上。在燃烧时,碳被氧化,即与空气中的氧原子结合,生成CO2。由于氧原子比氢原子重得多,所以燃料释放出来的产物,比原来燃烧的燃料要重。例如汽油燃烧,而汽油的主要成分之一是正辛烷。     

环境税明年出台几无悬念

正近日从接近财政部人士处获悉,环境税改革的时间表渐已明晰,明年环境税极有可能完成立法并出台。环境税征收采用从量计征方式,计税依据为应税污染物排放量。税率不低于现行排污费的收费标准。税收征管有望采取环保部门配合税务机关征收的模式,即环保认定、税务征收的征管模式。"十二五"规划纲要明确提出:"选择防止任务繁重、技术标准成熟的税目开征环境保护税,逐步扩大征收范围。"财政部财科所副所长苏明告诉《经济参考报》记者:"明年是‘十二五’最后一年,我认为明年中央的决策应该到位,明年环境税应该出台。据我了解的情况,一年前三部门已经把方案报给国务院,现在正在立法,立法过程中有很多难点需要突破,但是坦率讲,我比较有信心,明年环境税变成法律出台的可能性都是有的。"苏明表示,我们现在对水污染排放、垃圾等通过收费的手段进行治理,环境税开征主要就是要进行"费改税"。苏明     

黄铁矿还原固定水中的高铼酸根

以铼作为放射性锝的替代元素,用黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定进行了研究。采用球磨法制备出黄铁矿粉末。分别研究了不同固液比、不同的初始p H值和不同粒径条件下,黄铁矿粉末对高铼酸根的还原固定效果。结果显示,固液比为1∶10(g/m L)为宜,在体系初始p H为12时,形成铁氧体,吸附高铼酸根,提升还原固定效果。对产物进行XPS表征,证明还原产物为Re O2。在乙醇介质中机械活化后利用超声分散可得到具有大的比表面积和晶格畸变的粒径较小的黄铁矿粉末,使其反应的活性位点增多,处理效果明显好于大粒径的黄铁矿粉末,在相对较短的时间内,铼的去除率可以达42%。在缺氧环境下黄铁矿能够长期保持有效性,在地质处置库应用中有实际意义。     

试论规划环评的基本属性——学习《规划环境影响评价条例》的体会

《规划环境影响评价条例》的颁布与实施,标志着环境保护参与综合决策进入了一个新阶段。规划环评是人类对环境问题、尤其是对末端治理反思的结果,是政治民主化和科技社会化发展的必然。《条例》注重实践检验,突出跟踪评价;坚持专家审查、决策管理、公众参与三结合,优势互补,相得益彰;追究法律责任,柔中有刚。重在追究个人责任,专家亦不例外。规划环评源于项目环评,高于项目环评。当前,项目环评和区域限批仍是规划环评的重要抓手。科学性是规划环评的生命线。实践决定一切,实践是实现规划环评科学性的惟一途径。规划环评任重道远。规划环评要坚持为经济服务,为规划服务,为公众服务,实现多方共赢,方能凝心聚力,一往无前。     

日本已研制出给建筑物加固的抗震“绷带”

据《科技日报》报道,在地震频发的日本,一种新型廉价的防震加固技术悄然兴起。这种技术采用树指材料作为抗震绷带,包裹建筑物支柱,从而达到在地震时防止支柱发生倒塌的目的。抗震绷带采用树指纤维制造,形状类似安全带。施工时,将抗震绷带涂上黏合剂,包裹固定在建筑物的支柱上,当地震发生时,支柱即使出现内部损伤也不会倒塌,这样可以确保建筑物内人员的生存空间。     

纤维素废弃物制取燃料乙醇

华东理工大学颜涌捷教授的团队,承担了国家863重大课题“纤维素废弃物制取燃料乙醇技术”,经过近20年的潜心努力研究,在生物质制取燃料乙醇的工艺上取得了较大进展。通过生化和热转化方法,以生物质水解和水解残渣综合利用的方法。提高原料的利用率,以生产液体燃料和副产化工产品的方法,提高其经济性,在国内首先建成以纤维素废弃物制取燃料乙醇的示范工程,达到年产600t的规模,涉及的关键技术和工艺,都具有自主知识产权,已经申请国家发明专利十多项,已通过了科技部的验收。中国石油短缺,生物质丰富,每年产生的秸秆就达7．2亿t,加上其他生物质,数量可观。     

天然沸石去除腐殖酸和氨氮的研究

采用改性的浙江缙云天然斜发沸石,进行去除氨氮和腐殖酸的研究。腐殖酸对氨氮的去除有影响,含量越高。影响也越大。沸石主要去除大分子量的腐殖酸,对小分子量的腐殖酸去除效果较差。由于大分子腐殖酸会干扰氨氮的去除,去除大分子的腐殖酸有助于提高沸石去除氨氮的效果。     

人体气味独一无二

《生命科学》载文指出,人体气味独一无二。这项研究发现,每个人都有独一无二的气味,如同指纹,因此气味也可作为唯一的标识符使用。研究发现,即使食用了有强烈气味的食物,如大蒜和调味品,人体的气味也不会发生变化。化学家Jae Kwak说：“发现暗示,基于生物学的气味识别,像指纹识别一样,人体气味也可以成为鉴定个人的可靠方法。”几千年来,警犬不就是利用此种方法去跟踪人的吗？     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了p H值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.