钦杭结合带加里东期榴闪岩超高压变质作用研究

对钦杭结合带首次发现的加里东期榴闪岩进行了详细的年代学、矿物学和变质作用研究。结果表明,榴闪岩的变质时代为454±4Ma,经历了早期角闪岩相进变质、中期榴辉岩相峰期变质和晚期角闪岩相退变质三个阶段,具顺时针P-T-t轨迹。早期角闪岩相进变质作用阶段的矿物共生组合为角闪石+斜长石+石英,温压条件分别为719℃~795℃和7.56Kpa~8.30Kpa;中期榴辉岩相峰期变质作用阶段的矿物共生组合为石榴子石+绿辉石(后期退变为透辉石+钠长石)±石英,温压条件分别为668℃~821℃和26.42Kpa~33.46Kpa;晚期角闪岩相退变质作用阶段的矿物共生组合为石榴子石+角闪岩+斜长石±石英(即榴闪岩),相应的温压条件分别为611℃~854℃和4.76Kpa~9.30Kpa。结合前人资料推断,区域内加里东期可能经历了榴辉岩相超高压变质→高温麻粒岩相退变质→角闪岩相退变质的演化过程。钦杭结合带首次厘定出加里东期超高压变质作用,表明华夏和扬子两大陆块碰撞拼合发生在加里东期。     

挪威西部卑尔根弧地壳深部剪切带内流体控制的麻粒岩的榴辉岩化

在加里东造山运动过程中,波罗的地盾西缘的大部分发生了破裂、板片化和堆叠。加里东期的变形作用导致了陆壳的山体加厚。镁铁质麻粒岩和麻粒岩相变斜长岩构成了挪威西南部卑尔根弧地体的大部分。这些岩石代表了典型的前寒武大陆的下地壳。在加里东造山旋回中,这些岩石受堆叠和地壳增厚的影响,发生了广泛的榴辉岩化。榴辉岩形成于剪切变形作用及与之伴生的富H_2O流体的渗滤作用。在早期,榴辉岩相矿物生成于张性破裂(脉)中。这些脉体可能与输送流体相的水致破裂系统有关。在主期,榴辉岩化沿剪切带出现,厚度从几厘米到几十米不等。生成榴辉岩的反应表现为消耗H_2O和碱质,释放出SiO_2。释放出的SiO_2大部分见于晚期石英脉系中。榴辉岩化发生的温度大约为700℃,压力为18～21kbar(1bar=10~5Pa)。流体渗滤作用得到反应过程中岩石体积减少(△V_固<0)的支持。尽管榴辉岩化过程中有水化反应,但反应过程的岩石体积改变量为负值。由麻粒岩形成榴辉岩过程中大约每100cm~3原始麻粒岩可产生15KJ的热量。下地壳部分水化对区域温度影响的数字模拟表明,这些过程不可能引起大的地温扰动。从区域规模看,流体相对流引起的热和物质的迁移都可以忽略不计。     

斯里兰卡宝石的产状与源地

<正> 除了一些零星产出的侏罗系露头和西北部沿海呈狭长条带分布的晚中新世石灰岩和钙质砂岩外,斯里兰卡岛主要由前寒武纪结晶岩石构成。此前寒武系可分为以下主要单元:(1)高地群(辉石-麻粒岩相),由紫苏辉石花岗岩(紫苏花岗岩)、石英岩、大理岩、含石榴石片麻岩,角闪片麻岩,麻粒岩和伟晶岩组成。     

内蒙古集宁群的变质作用特征

<正> 集宁群分布在内蒙古中部和林格尔-凉城-卓资-集宁-兴和-带,是本区最古老的变质地层,时代属早太古代。变质带和变质相集宁群基本上是一套下部以辉石斜长麻粒岩类为主和上部以夕线石榴长石片麻岩类为主的深变质岩系。麻粒岩类见有紫苏斜长麻粒     

辽宁阜新两类变质地区的构造关系

根据太古宙地壳在后寒武纪被改造的特点,可以将研究区──阜新地区划分为西部稳定区和东部线性杂岩带。而西部稳定区又可依据变质作用强度进一步划分为西部麻粒岩相区和东部用闪岩相区。本文通过西部麻粒岩相区和东部角闪岩相区岩石组合特征、变质作用演化的动力学以及发育于其中的韧性剪切带运动学、动力学和地球物理学特征的对比研究,确定麻粒岩相区为历闪岩相区的根部带,后期构造运动的右行拉伸作用,使上部的角闪岩相区与下部的麻粒岩相区发生分离,而后一起抬升剥蚀,从而处于平行位置。     

内蒙、张宣地区麻粒岩相岩石同位素地质年代学和同位素体系特征的研究(摘要)

<正> 麻粒岩相变质作用是变质作用的最高阶段。麻粒岩相变质岩是我们研究变质作用过程中造成的物质组成及同位素体系变化最大的地质单元。华北麻粒岩相带被认为是华北地块的基底岩石及下地壳的组成单元,因此,对它们的形成时代以及同位素体系特征的研究将有助于研究该区早期地壳及下地壳的组成和演化历     

内蒙古锡林浩特Ⅰ型花岗岩的时代及构造意义

在内蒙古锡林浩特水库地区出露的花岗岩确定为I型花岗岩,具有较高的Cr、Co、Ni丰度。Ca、Al含量和N2O/K2O比值较高,Fe、Mg含量较低。微量元素蛛网图中显示出明显的Nb、Ta、P、Ti负异常。在SiO2-K2O及AFM图中,花岗质岩石投在钙碱性系列区;在构造环境判别图中,花岗质岩石样品都投在火山弧+同碰撞花岗岩区。锆石测年结果显示平均年龄为317.0±4.0Ma,属晚石炭世。这套晚石炭世岛弧花岗岩的存在,表明加里东期古亚洲洋并未完全关闭,晚石炭世时仍然存在洋壳的俯冲消减事件。从区域上看,是北侧的贺根山洋盆向南俯冲的结果。     

钦杭结合带首次发现加里东期榴闪岩

<正>钦杭结合带是扬子克拉通与华夏造山系碰撞形成的华南规模最大的古老造山带。以往一般认为上述两大块体在晋宁期发生碰撞,至加里东期完全拼合形成统一的华南板块。但关于晋宁运动与加里东运动的动力学机制与演变过程以及两大陆块碰撞方式与构造演化等,至今仍有较大争议。近期笔者等在位于钦杭结合带内的浙江省龙游县首次发现加里东期榴闪岩,为探讨陆—陆碰撞拼贴时限及其动力学过程提供了重要信息。     

澳大利亚中部假蓝宝石麻粒岩的Nd同位素分馏系列和化学:稀土元素活动性的一个例子

<正> 本文报道了对澳大利亚中部元古代麻粒岩相岩石进行详细调查所获得的假蓝宝石(基本上为(Mg,Fe)_2Al_4SiO_(10))麻粒岩的 Nd 同位素数据、稀土丰度和其它化学数据。含假蓝宝石的麻粒岩和伴生的高镁麻粒岩的组成,与任何普通火成岩或沉积岩的组成不     

俯冲带火山作用中水的来源:新的实验约束条件

尽管知道水在俯冲带火山作用的成因中起着重要作用，但对这种作用还了解甚少．在单一压力下俯冲洋壳中的角闪石脱水作用，被假定产生了熔融所需要的水，但对该反应的实验约束条件有限，且很少有人注意涉及其它含水矿物的反应。对海洋玄武岩在相当于俯冲板块的压力-温度条件下的实验证明，角闪石脱水作用至少延续至20km的深度范围。涉及包括云母、绿帘石、硬绿泥石以及硬柱石在内的其它含水矿物的反应同样也是在一个宽的深度范围内释放水，而在某些俯冲带中，这些矿物相可以把水迁移到地幔深处。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.