Selective extraction and separation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in river surficial sediments

In order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of trace metals to surficial sediments （SSs）, a selective extraction procedure was improved in the present work. The selective extraction procedure has been proved to selectively remove and separate Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials （OMs） in the non-residual fraction from the SSs collected in Songhua River, China. After screening different kinds of conventional extractants of Fe and Mn oxides and OMs used for separation of heavy metals in the soils and sediments, NH2OH .HCl （0.1 mol/L） ＋ HNO3 （0.1 mol/L）, （NH4）2C2O4 （0.2 mol/L） ＋ H2C2O4 （pH 3.0）, and 30% of H2O2 were respectively applied to selectively extract Mn oxides, Fe/Mn oxides and OMs. After the extraction treatments, the target components were removed with extraction efficiencies between 86.09%--3.36% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment, 80.63%- 101.09% for the oxalate solution extraction, and 94.76%-102.83% for the hydrogen peroxide digestion, respectively. The results indicate that this selective extraction technology was effective for the extraction and separation ofFe, Mn oxides and OMs in the SSs, and important for further mechanism study of trace metal adsorption onto SSs.     

Adsorption of Pb, Cd to Fe, Mn oxides in natural freshwater surface coatings developed in different seasons

Metal oxides( Fe, Mn oxides) in natural surface coatings(biofilms and associated minerals) are believed to play a significant role n the fate and transport of trace metal in aquatic environments. Seasonal variation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in surface oatings, which were developed periodically on glass slides in Nanhu Lake, Jilin Province, China over the time frame of three seasons,was investigated in order to understand the influence of metal oxides on Pb and Cd adsorption to heterogeneous surface coating materials(biofilm). Pb and Cd adsorption was measured under controlled laboratory conditions( mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic trength 0.05 mol/L, 25~C and pH 6.0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb nd Cd adsorption to the surface coatings. In general, components in the surface coatings varied greatly with seasons altering and btained higher concentrations in summer while the content of iron oxides always exceeded that of manganese oxides. Correlation nalyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd and components in the surface coatings developed periodically indicated that Pb hase association with Mn oxides and Cd phase association with Fe oxides as well as Mn oxides were statistically significant. Effect of Mn xides on Cd adsorption was confirmed in view of its higher content in the surface coatings. The importance of ferromanganese oxides for b and Cd adsorption to the natural surface coatings developed in different seasons was evidenced.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

钙镁磷肥对土壤中镉形态转化与水稻吸镉的影响

酸性镉污染水田施用不同用量的钙镁磷肥的田间试验表明:土壤中交换态镉的分配系数随钙镁磷肥用量的增加而降低,呈显著负相关(r,-0.9314);碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态镉的分配系数则呈显著正相关(r,0,9395)。而土壤中有效态镉含量与钙镁磷肥用量则呈显著负相关(r,-0.8853)。镉污染水田一次性投加高量钙镁磷肥后,可使土壤pH显著升高,交换态镉分配系数明显下降,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态镉分配系数明显升高,导致土壤中有效态镉含量大幅度下降,从而大大减少水稻植株的吸镉量。     

Lead adsorption capacities of different components in natural surface coatings

Pb adsorption capacities of Fe oxide, Mn oxide and organic materials in natural surface coatings (biofilms and associated minerals) collected in three lakes, two ponds and a river in Jilin Province, China and Cayuga Lake in US were studied. A novel extraction technique was employed to remove one or more component(s) from the surface coatings. Pb adsorption to surface coatings before and after extraction was performed to determine the adsorptive properties of the extracted component(s). The statistical analysis of observed Pb adsorption was carried out using nonlinear least squares fitting (NLSF) to estimate the Pb adsorption capacity of each component of surface coatings. For each body of water, the estimated Pb adsorption capacity of Mn oxide( mol Pb/mol Mn) was significantly higher than that of Fe oxide( mol Pb/ mol Fe). The value of estimated adsorption capacities of organic materials with the unit mol Pb per kg COD was similar to or less than that of Fe oxides with the unit mol Pb per mol Fe. Comparison of components of surface coatings in different waters showed that the estimated Pb adsorption capacities of components in surface coatings developed in different natural waters were different,especially for Mn oxides.     

Mn活化铁盐絮凝污泥制备磁性吸附剂脱除烟气中Hg0

采用Mn(NO₃)₂活化铁盐絮凝污泥制备磁性吸附剂用于烟气中Hg⁰的脱除。结果表明：1)Mn(NO₃)₂热分解产生的O₂促进了污泥一次热解过程中产生的FeC_x分解,并有利于Mn⁴⁺与Fe³⁺等高价态金属氧化物的生成;Mn(NO₃)₂分解产生的气体有扩孔作用,在其掺杂量为10%时,吸附剂比表面积达到最大(88.5 m²/g),但Mn(NO₃)₂的掺杂量过高时会产生较多的晶相物质,并导致吸附剂的比表面积降低。2)当Mn掺杂量为10%(记为Mn₁₀-SFS),反应温度为150℃时,吸附剂脱汞效率最高(92.7%)。3)烟气中的O₂可对吸附剂中的活性氧进行有效补充,促进Hg⁰的脱除;NO以及低浓度的SO₂...     

纳米Fe3O4覆盖对沉积物-水界面砷释放的影响

为揭示纳米四氧化三铁(nFe₃O₄)覆盖对沉积物溶解态砷(As)和有效态As的钝化效果,在开展室内培养试验的基础上,利用微界面分析技术、高分辨率平衡式间隙水采集技术(HR-peeper)和薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT),探究nFe₃O₄覆盖下沉积物氧化还原环境、铁锰含量等因素对As的作用机制.结果表明:在nFe₃O₄覆盖下沉积物pH值较对照组逐渐增大,Eh先减小后增大;nFe₃O₄可以有效去除沉积物溶解态As,最大有效去除率为22%;nFe₃O₄覆盖使得有效态As的平均值降低了2.30μg/L;溶解态As与溶解态Fe(Ⅱ)、溶解态As与溶解态Mn、有效态As与有效态Fe(Ⅱ)、有效态As与有效态Mn均存在显著正相关关系(P<0.001);nFe₃O₄的覆盖可以促进铁铝低结晶状无定形水合氧化态As含量的增加.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

Fe(Ⅵ)/Na2SO3体系降解阿特拉津效能

利用高铁酸钾活化亚硫酸钠(Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系),探究其对阿特拉津(ATZ)的降解效能;鉴别了反应体系主要活性组分,并考察了Na₂SO₃投加量、反应溶液pH值和水质背景成分对ATZ降解效能的影响.结果表明:当Fe(VI)和Na₂SO₃的投加量分别为50和200μmol/L时,反应10s后Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能达到74.4%,单独Fe(VI)(50μmol/L)和单独Na₂SO₃(200μmol/L)对ATZ的去除率仅为10.2%和7.5%.探针化合物和溶解氧作用等实验证实体系中主要的活性基团为SO₄^·-.在pH=8,Fe(VI)投加量为50μmol/L时,随着Na₂SO₃投加量的增大,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的去除效率先增大后减小,其中最佳Na₂SO₃投加量为150~200μmol/L.Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系在pH 7~10的范围内,均可以快速降解ATZ.在天然水体中,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系也可以高效降解ATZ,但是水质背景成分会竞争消耗SO₄^·-,导致Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能降低.     

土壤锌、铜、铁、锰形态区分方法的选择

用化学连续提取的方法将土壤中的锌、铜、铁、锰依结合状态区分为交换态、碳酸盐结合态(石灰性土壤)、氧化锰结合态、有机结合态、无定形氧化铁结合态、晶形氧化铁结合态和硅铝酸盐矿物态.初步认为选定的形态及提取方法适于土壤中锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的研究.     

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.     

微生物对沉积物主要化学组分吸附重金属能力的影响

通过松花江水中微生物与铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸形成的复合物质的比表面积及吸附Pb、Cd能力的分析,探讨微生物对沉积物中主要化学组分理化性质的影响及机理.结果表明:锰氧化物的比表面积大于铁氧化物和腐殖酸,与微生物结合后比表面积均不同程度增加. 固体物质的比表面积与吸附Pb和Cd的能力并不完全一致,与它们对重金属的吸附机制不同有关.复合物质的的吸附能力并不符合加和模型,微生物的存在掩盖了铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸表面部分官能团,造成了复合物质的吸附量小于各组分的吸附量之和.     

铁锰双金属氧化物对过硫酸氢钾降解酸性橙7的催化效果

为了发挥均相体系中过渡金属元素对PMS(过硫酸氢钾)的催化效果,同时解决存在的金属离子污染的问题,以AO7(酸性橙7)为目标污染物,研究了采用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel method)制备Fe-MnO_x(铁锰双金属氧化物)催化剂催化PMS的效果及降解机理. 结果表明:ρ(Fe-MnO_x)由50 mg/L升至200 mg/L后,35 min时AO7降解率由53.74%升至96.65%;继续升高ρ(Fe-MnO_x),AO7降解率提升效果不明显. 随着ρ(PMS)₀(PMS初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7的降解率变化趋势与之相同;而随着ρ(AO7)₀(AO7初始质量浓度)的升高,AO7降解率有所下降. 分别投加EA(乙醇)、TBA(叔丁醇)这2种捕获剂来验证体系氧化物种时发现,55 min时AO7降解率分别为79.40%和91.33%,氧化体系的主要氧化物种为·SO₄-(硫酸根自由基)和少量·OH(羟基自由基). XRD(X射线衍射)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱)结果显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂中的Fe、Mn主要以Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+ 3种形式存在,Fe、Mn、O 3种元素中,Fe3+、Mn2+、Mn4+、O2-和表面羟基氧的摩尔比分别为20.49%、26.46%、5.60%、32.51%和14.91%. 研究显示,Fe-MnO_x催化剂具有金属离子溶出量低、催化性能良好等优良性能,能够有效催化PMS生成自由基,对水中的污染物具有良好的降解效果.      

深圳市冬季夜间大气中N2O5污染特征

于2022年1月2~17日在深圳进行了为期15d的观测,基于化学电离飞行时间质谱仪器（ToF-CIMS）对气态N₂O₅和HNO₃进行了现场测量.冬季N₂O₅的夜间平均浓度为（174.3±262.0）×10^-12,最高可达到4535.1×10^-12.较高的N₂O₅反应活性表明夜间化学活动活跃,τ（N₂O₅）^-1平均值在8.3×10^-2s^-1,通过N₂O₅非均相水解反应形成的硝酸盐潜力大.通过对NO、NO₂、O₃和pNO₃^-的同步测量,量化表征了深圳市冬季夜间活性氮的化学行为;此外,通过奇数氧的收支分析发现,夜间HNO₃和pNO₃^-占据了O_x的主要成分且当（HNO₃+ pNO₃^-）系数为1.5时收支闭合,这表明N₂O₅的非均相水解是冬季夜间O_x去除的关键机制.     

低温等离子体催化降解烟气中甲苯的研究

本研究开发了等离子体微放电填充床反应器和等离子体微放电填充床反应系统,采用多孔陶瓷作为填充床材料,用控制变量法探索了停留时间、放电电压、催化剂负载量、初始浓度、能量密度等因素对反应系统的甲苯去除能力的影响.结果发现,上述因素的最优组合参数为：1.1s、9.5kV、负载量为15%,物质的量比为0.25的Co/Mn催化剂、189.52mg/m³、6000J/L.同时,对多孔陶瓷填充床进行了SEM和XRD等表征研究,研究表明,Mn催化剂包括Mn₂O₃和Mn₃O₄晶体;Co/Mn催化剂包括CoMnO₃和MnO₂晶体;Fe/Mn催化剂包括FeMnO₃、Fe₂O₃和Mn₂O₃晶体,并且Mn催化剂比Co/Mn催化剂和Fe/Mn催化剂的晶体颗粒更加均匀.     

MnO2/TiO2改性沸石去除矿井水中Fe2+和Mn2+的试验研究

针对矿井水中Fe2+、Mn2+浓度超标及处理效果不稳定等问题,通过溶胶-凝胶法将纳米MnO₂和纳米TiO₂负载于天然斜发沸石表面制备出MnO₂/TiO₂改性沸石滤料,并分析了沸石改性前后的微观形貌和孔隙结构. 采用单因素动态吸附试验和Thomas模型拟合探究了MnO₂/TiO₂改性沸石对模拟矿井水水样中Fe2+、Mn2+的去除效果及机理,并考察水流速度、滤层厚度、溶液pH及硬度对去除效果的影响. 结果表明:较天然沸石而言,MnO₂/TiO₂改性沸石的比表面积、孔径、孔体积和阳离子交换量明显增大. 当水流速度为7 m/h、进水pH为9.5、水质硬度为350 mg/L、滤层厚度为110 cm时,改性沸石对Fe2+、Mn2+的最大吸附量分别为44.810、6.549 mg/g,且Thomas模型能较好地拟合改性沸石对Fe2+、Mn2+的吸附动力学特征. 反冲洗试验结果表明,反冲洗强度为13 L/(m2·s),反冲洗时间大于7 min时,改性沸石的再生效果良好,可重复使用. 研究显示,本文制备的MnO₂/TiO₂改性沸石吸附滤料可为同步去除矿井水中Fe2+、Mn2+污染提供一种解决办法.      

Fe(VI)/CaO2双氧化体系降解水环境中的DMP

研究了高铁酸盐（Fe（VI））/过氧化钙（CaO₂）联合处理对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的降解性能及机理,分析了共存离子的影响.基于响应面方法中的Box-Behnken实验设计进行了多因素实验,采用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了DMP去除率与Fe（VI）投加量、CaO₂投加量和反应时间之间的关系,对实验条件进行了优化分析.结果表明,在初始pH值为中性条件下,Fe（VI）/CaO₂可以有效去除DMP,降解过程符合准一级动力学模型.当Fe（VI）/CaO₂/DMP物质的量比为1.1/4.4/1时,模型预测DMP最大降解率为95.57%,和验证实验得出的降解率90.14%相近,表明该响应面模型具有较好的模拟和预测能力.HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺对DMP的降解有一定抑制作用.自由基清除实验结果显示,羟基自由基（HO·）和超氧自由基（O₂^-·）对DMP的降解具有重要贡献,表明Fe（VI）和CaO₂可形成类芬顿试剂协同降解污染物.DMP的主要降解途径包括酯基水解、侧链氧化和苯环的羟基化;主要降解产物为邻苯二甲酸单甲酯,2,5-二羟基苯甲酸,间苯二甲酸,草酸等.     

酸热活化对海泡石吸附水溶液中Cd的影响机制

为增加SP（海泡石）的比表面积并提高其对水溶液中Cd的去除效率,采用HCl对SP进行酸热活化,探索制备HHSP（酸热活化海泡石）最佳的c（HCl）、酸改性时间和热活化温度,并比较SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,通过对吸附前后的SP和HHSP进行SEM-EDS（扫描电镜）、XRD（X射线衍射）和XPS（X射线光电子能谱）分析,以阐明HHSP吸附Cd的微观反应机理.结果表明:0.9 mol/L的HCl改性24 h后,500℃下热活化1 h制备的HHSP吸附性能最佳.准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型均能够很好地描述SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附特征.SP和HHSP对初始质量浓度为50 mg/L的溶液中Cd的去除率在2 h内分别达73.13%和85.96%,在24 h内达到吸附平衡.HHSP的最大饱和吸附量（q_max）为22.147 mg/g,比SP（4.200 mg/g）增加了4.23倍.酸热处理降低了SP的pH和pHpzc（零电荷点）,表明在SP表面吸附活性中心增多.SEM-EDS显示,酸热活化未改变SP的纤维状结构,Cd吸附量由SP的1.57%增至HHSP的2.13%.XPS分析表明,SP和HHSP对Cd的吸附作用包括了表面羟基（-OH）络合作用以及产生CdCO₃、CdCl₂、CdO和Cd（OH）₂沉淀.XRD分析表明,酸改性通过清除SP的CaCO₃成分,比表面积增加,从而增加了HHSP对Cd的吸附量.研究显示,酸热活化可增加HHSP对Cd的吸附效能,为利用HHSP有效控制稻田土壤Cd生物有效性提供了有益途径.      

FeⅡEDTA络合-Na2SO3还原吸收NO性能

为研究FeⅡEDTA络合-Na₂SO₃还原吸收NO性能,对制备参数〔pH、V(FeⅡEDTA)(FeⅡEDTA溶液用量)、初始c(FeⅡEDTA)、n(FeⅡ)∶n(EDTA)〕和操作条件〔温度、φ(O₂)、烟气流量、入口ρ(NO)〕及SO₃2-〔以c(Na₂SO₃)计〕进行了考察,并采用FT-IR(傅里叶红外光谱仪)和Raman(拉曼光谱仪)等表征手段对吸收体系进行表征.结果表明:①pH和初始c(FeⅡEDTA)对NO络合吸收量影响较显著,V(FeⅡEDTA)和n(FeⅡ)∶n(EDTA)次之.在pH为3～9的范围内,NO络合吸收量先增加后降低,pH为7时达到最大(0.502 mol/mol);初始c(FeⅡEDTA)由0.005 mol/L增至0.025 mol/L,NO络合吸收量随之增加了0.198 mol/mol.②温度和φ (O₂)的升高不利于NO吸收,当温度由30 ℃升至60 ℃、φ (O₂)从0%增至6%,NO络合吸收量却分别降低了71.69%、63.3%;此外,烟气流量和入口ρ (NO)的增加对NO络合吸收量也无显著影响.③SO₃2-的存在显著提高了FeⅡEDTA高效络合NO吸收时间.结合试验结果确定最佳反应条件:pH为7、V(FeⅡEDTA)为550 mL、初始c(FeⅡEDTA)为0.020 mol/L、n(FeⅡ)∶n(EDTA)为1∶1.0、温度为30 ℃、烟气流量为900 mL/min、无氧、c(Na₂SO₃)为0.20 mol/L,此时,NO络合吸收量为1.099 mol/mol,NO最大脱除率达到96.98%.研究显示,溶液中n(FeⅡEDTA)∶n(NO)对络合吸收NO起到主导作用,同时SO₃2-对FeⅡEDTA(NO)还原作用是促进NO吸收的重要机制.