岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落的稳定性分析

在岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡典型分布区选取10个典型样地进行采样调查,采用Whittaker β多样性指数、多物种间总体联结性、生态位宽度与生态位重叠、种百分数与累积相对频度比等指标,研究岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落的稳定性.结果表明,植物群落β多样性沿海拔梯度的变化非常小,反映物种的更替速率较慢;群落植物种群间总体联结性为显著正相关,说明群落处在较为稳定的生长阶段;垫状卷柏(Selaginella pulvinata)、高山韭(Allium sikkimense)和披针苔草(Carex lanceolat)3个生态位宽度值较大的优势种形成共优群落,植物种群间存在广泛的生态位重叠;种百分数与累积相对频度比为11.13/80.     

山西太岳山森林群落分布及其与环境因子的关系

研究太岳山群落分布及其与环境因子之间的关系,旨在为深入研究太岳山群落资源、生境和群落学特征奠定基础,亦为太岳山资源开发利用提供理论依据和实践参考。以山西太岳山森林群落为研究对象,从海拔1 600~2 200 m,海拔每上升100 m设置1个样地,每个样地由8个10 m×10 m的样方组成,并分别在每一个样方内取2个5 m×5 m的灌木样方和4个1m×1 m草本样方,共7个样地,50个样方。根据7个样地50个样方的调查数据,采用多元回归树(MRT)对群落进行分类;采用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)进行排序分析,旨在研究太岳山森林群落的植被分布格局。结果如下,(1)MRT分类将植被划分为6个群落类型。(2)太岳山森林群落样方与环境因子的CCA排序结果显示,12个环境因子对物种分布的解释量为40.78%,Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,制约森林群落类型分布格局的主要环境因子是海拔、坡度、坡向和土壤p H值。(3)利用偏典范对应分析(PCCA)定量分离地形、土壤及其交互作用对植被格局总体变异的影响,分析表明,土壤因子和地形因子解释了物种格局变化的40.78%,其中地形因子占13.61%,土壤因子占19.53%,地形因子与土壤因子交互作用解释的部分为7.64%。地形因子和p H值对太岳山森林群落的分布影响最大,是决定植物群落空间分布的主导因子。     

元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落结构特征与相似性分析

选择元江干热河谷典型草地群落,采用标准样地调查法,对流域上、中、下游干热河谷草地植物群落的分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等特征开展研究,结果表明：（1）元江流域上游祥云和中下游红河干热河谷草地群落中出现的植物种类最多,元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落是以灌木为主、多年生草本为辅的结构类型。（2）元江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随流域环境的改变而不同。（3）元江流域干热河谷草地植物群落之间的相似性系数均在0.00～0.25之间,处于极不相似水平,种群的扩散受流域河谷通道作用影响较小。（4）种群的扩散和定居受海拔高度的影响,随着海拔高度的变化,植物群落的组成也发生变化,形成不同的群落结构。     

金沙江流域干热河谷上中下游草地植物群落结构与相似性

选择金沙江干流及支流小江干热河谷典型草地,采用标准样地调查法,对其上游、中游、下游以及支流干热河谷草地植物分布特征、群落结构、种群习性等开展研究,结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落结构自上游至下游,多年生草本植物种类的比例逐渐增加,灌木和一年生草本植物种类比例逐渐减少;金沙江干热河谷草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主灌木为辅的群落结构类型;支流小江干热河谷群落中,多年生草本和灌木植物种类比例相同,一年生草本植物种类比例较低。（2）金沙江流域干热河谷草地群落中,扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）为优势种群,次优种群随地理环境的改变而不同。（3）金沙江干热河谷存在种群扩散通道作用,但种群扩散通道作用受扩散距离的影响。（4）金沙江干热河谷草地植物种群的扩散、定居受到经向、纬向的影响。     

半干旱黄土区自然恢复与人工造林恢复植被群落对比研究

为研究半干旱黄土区高效植被恢复途径,选取陕西省吴起县境内的合沟封禁流域和柴沟人工造林流域为研究区,在两流域内,沿顺坡和横坡方向,选择一系列20 m×20 m的样地,各组成2条样带。在每个样地内的对角线交点和对角线四分之一处选取5个样方进行植被调查,草本样方和乔灌样方的尺寸分别为1 m×1 m和5 m×5 m。共获得草本样方185个、乔灌木样方80个,其中,合沟封禁流域105个,均为草本样方,柴沟人工造林流域草本样方与乔灌样方各80个。运用植物生态学和植物群落学方法,调查各样方内的植物种类、株数、株高、盖度、地上生物量以及树木基茎、树高、冠幅等植被群落特征指标,并在此基础上对两流域的植被群落特征进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）两流域的植被种类共61种,其中柴沟人工造林流域46种,合沟封禁流域51种,共存物种36种;（2）经过10年生态恢复,柴沟人工造林流域已形成乔-灌-草群落,合沟封禁流域仍为草本群落,且两流域草本群落均以铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.）和茭蒿（Artemisiagiraldii Pamp.）为主要建群种;（3）柴沟人工造林流域的植被盖度、平均高、生物量均明显高于合沟封禁流域的相应指标。两流域植物群落Simpson指数和Shannon-Weiner指数差异较小,Sorensen指数为0.742,主要草本植物种的指标差异不显著。以上特征反映出,在半干旱黄土区,适宜的人工造林可加速该区植被恢复的进程。     

不同放牧强度下川西北高寒草地植物功能群特征变化

放牧是川西北高寒草地最主要的生产方式，过度放牧可能造成草地生态功能的严重退化，但不同强度的放牧如何逐步引起草地植物群落演变与生态功能退化还未得到深入研究.调查当地长期放牧形成的梯度(围栏禁牧：长期围栏，NG；轻牧：1牛/hm²,LG；中牧：2牛/hm²,MG；重牧：3牛/hm²,HG)，研究生长盛期不同放牧强度下植物群落与功能群组成、多样性、生物量及其分配的变化，以理解放牧对草地植物的潜在影响和退化过程，为高寒草地生产实践的适应性管理提供理论基础.结果表明，随着放牧强度增加，群落高度出现显著下降；HG样地群落密度显著小于其他3个处理(P <0.05).群落Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数呈单峰变化，LG样地最大，HG样地最小. LG样地植物地上生物量显著大于NG、MG和HG样地(P <0.05);NG样地植物地下生物量显著小于LG样地，但显著大于HG样地(P <0.05)；各处理间总生物量存在显著差异(P <0.05),LG样地总生物量最...     

鼎湖山20公顷森林样地单个物种对群落的构建

大型固定监测森林样地已成为研究森林群落组织机制的一个重要平台。群落里个体之间的相互作用对群落的构建有相当重要的作用。以往的研究主要针对于物种之间的相互作用,而用群落里单个物种与其它所有个体之间相互关系来解释群落构建的研究还很少。采用单个物种-面积关系(ISAR)这一指标对鼎湖山20 hm2样地和BCI 50 hm2样地数据分析,来研究不同样地单个物种是如何对森林群落进行构建的。结果显示,与BCI样地和Sinharaja样地不同,鼎湖山样地大树对周围其它个体的作用几乎是中性的;而对于小树(胸径小于10 cm)来说,鼎湖山样地和BCI样地一样,随着尺度的增加吸引型物种减少,而中性物种增加。说明了不同的群落在不同的发育阶段,单个物种对群落结构的构建有重要的作用不同,将来的研究应该结合群落其它方面的因素来分析群落内个体之间相互作用,例如从时间尺度的谱系和空间因素去分析。     

鼎湖山20公顷森林样地单个物种对群落的构建

大型固定监测森林样地已成为研究森林群落组织机制的一个重要平台。群落里个体之间的相互作用对群落的构建有相当重要的作用。以往的研究主要针对于物种之间的相互作用,而用群落里单个物种与其它所有个体之间相互关系来解释群落构建的研究还很少。采用单个物种-面积关系（ISAR）这一指标对鼎湖山20 hm2样地和BCI 50 hm2样地数据分析,来研究不同样地单个物种是如何对森林群落进行构建的。结果显示,与BCI样地和Sinharaja样地不同,鼎湖山样地大树对周围其它个体的作用几乎是中性的;而对于小树（胸径小于10 cm）来说,鼎湖山样地和BCI样地一样,随着尺度的增加＂吸引型＂物种减少,而＂中性＂物种增加。说明了不同的群落在不同的发育阶段,单个物种对群落结构的构建有重要的作用不同,将来的研究应该结合群落其它方面的因素来分析群落内个体之间相互作用,例如从时间尺度的谱系和空间因素去分析。     

川西高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其随林窗的变化特征

作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,林下植被及其残体的分布受到林冠层的影响,但迄今有关林窗对林下植被和残体生物量的影响尚无研究报道.于2013 年8 月2 日至20 日,以海拔3 600 m 的川西岷江冷杉原始林林下植被为研究对象,根据区域内的坡向和林分组成等因素设置3 个100 m×100 m 的典型样地,调查其生物量及其随林窗的变化特征.在每个样地内选择3 个大林窗,在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个20 m×20 m 的样方,调查粗木质残体长度或高度、大小头直径、枯立木记录胸径、腐烂等级等;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个5 m×5 m 的样方,采用“收获法”收集样方内直径在2.5-10 cm之间的细木质残体和灌木生物量;在林窗、林缘和林下分别设置3 个1 m×1 m 的样方来调查凋落物储量和草本生物量;在1m×1 m 的样方内随机选择1 个20 cm×20 cm 的小样方来调查地被植物生物量.结果表明,（1）川西高山森林生态系统总生物量为72.75 t·hm^-2,其中林下生物量为67.92 t·hm^-2,占生态系统生物量的95.17%.活体植被以灌木为主,其生物量为9.81t·hm^-2;残体部分以粗木质残体为主,其储量为53.00 t·hm^-2;（2）林窗对灌木、草本、地被植物的影响各不相同,且不同物种的灌木生物量表现出不同的分布规律;草本生物量表现出明显的“边缘效应”,在林缘显著高于林下;林窗和林缘的地被植物生物量相对较低;（3）粗木质残体储量从林下到林窗呈现减小的趋势,但总体储量仍然较大,林窗和林缘的细木质残体储量高于林下.这些结果为认识高山森林生态系统林下生物量及其格局,以及林窗在森林生态系统的重要作用提供了基础理论依据.     

海拔梯度下元谋干热河谷植物群落特征

大尺度环境条件下物种多样性的响应是植物生态学的热点问题,有关元谋干热河谷内的特殊环境条件如何影响物种多样性以及干热河谷植被的分布上限问题仍然存在争议。以元谋干热河谷10个海拔梯度植物群落为研究对象,采用样方调查法,探讨了植被盖度、物种丰富度、α多样性以及β多样性对不同海拔梯度的响应。结果表明:(1)干热河谷内群落的总盖度与海拔之间呈现非线性变化趋势,随着海拔升高,群落的总盖度总体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,最低值(63%)出现在海拔1 400m处,最高值(89%)出现在海拔2 000m处;灌木层盖度与海拔呈现显著正相关趋势,最低盖度(28%)出现在海拔1 100m处,最高(68%)出现在海拔2 000m处;草本层盖度与海拔呈现出显著负相关趋势,最低盖度(53%)出现在海拔2 000 m处,最高(73%)出现在海拔1 100 m处;(2)丰富度指数(S)总体上呈现出沿着海拔梯度的升高而增强的趋势,变化范围为2～15;Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)及均匀度指数(J)与丰富度指数的变化趋势一致,变化范围分别为0.53～1.06、0.12～0.23;Simpson指数(D)则与之呈现出相反的趋势,变化范围为0.08～0.02;(3)相异性指数SI在海拔1 400～1 500m处达到最大值(0.8),Cody指数较小,为0.5,表明此处β多样性最小,物种更替速率最慢,群落处于较稳定状态。结果表明,干热河谷植被的分布并不随着水分的增加而呈线性增加,且干热河谷植被的分布上限在海拔1 400～1 500m处。研究结果对维持和管理河谷植物多样性,实施生态建设工程,合理开发利用当地资源具有重要指导意义。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Hypothesis Concerning the Causes of the Disappearance of Boreal Toads from the Mountains of Colorado

Recent reports of world-wide declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have raised questions about the relation of environmental change to the demise of certain amphibian species. Between 1974 and 1982, 11 populations of boreal toads ( Bufo boreas boreas ) in the West Elk Mountains of Colorado totally disappeared. The apparent cause of extinction of these toads was infection with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila . In this paper, the presence of disease in declining populations of these toads is used in conjunction with a variety of data from the literature to formulate a working hypothesis for explaining the cause of the decline of this species, and perhaps others: