从长江口南汇东滩冲淤变化探讨合理选择促淤造陆边界

随着上海人口与经济的发展,建设用地迅速增加,人-地矛盾越来越尖锐。按相关规划预计,至2010年,上海市建设用地总需求2 267.80 km2,现有建设用地存量2 224.39 km2,未利用的土地仅有9.00 km2,因此围垦造地是上海目前和今后解决人—地矛盾的根本出路所在。河口海岸地区动力条件复杂,地形变化剧烈,如何选择围垦促淤造陆与疏浚促淤造陆边界尤为关键。利用数字高程模型（DEM）和地理信息系统（GIS）研究长江口南汇东滩1996~1999年的冲淤演变规律,结果表明：0.5~1 m高程带为南汇边滩冲淤平衡带,年平均冲刷率为0.007 m/a,在此带以上,滩涂多年的结果表现为淤积,此带以下,滩涂多年的结果表现为冲刷。结合长江口水文泥沙的实测资料分析结果,根据低滩围垦造陆实践和长江口深水航道治理的实际情况,认为长江口低滩围垦促淤造陆和利用工程促淤造陆的边界定在0.5~1 m之间较为合理可靠。     

基于遥感信息的二十年来上海市滩涂湿地时空动态分析

上海地区滩涂湿地是我国重要的湿地,含有丰富的生态价值。近年来,滩涂湿地受到了自然因素和人类活动的强烈影响,滩涂资源锐减,进一步影响了其生态系统的结构与功能。使用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感卫星数据,并结合大量的地面调查,对上海地区滩涂湿地近20余a的时空动态进行了探讨。结果显示：上海地区滩涂资源丰富,1 m等高线以上滩涂湿地面积33075 km2,主要分布在大陆边滩、长江口岛屿及江心沙洲等处;滩涂湿地淤涨快速,以年均100～300 m的速率不断向海延伸;滩涂湿地圈围强度较大,近20余a累积圈围滩涂65354 km2,严重影响滩涂资源及其生态环境。研究表明,人类活动是影响上海地区滩涂湿地变化的首要问题,为此,应遵循滩涂湿地的自然演变规律,同时加强协调管理,控制圈围,保护与合理利用滩涂资源     

长江口南汇东滩淤涨演变分析

根据1983－1999年历年地形测图和1999年4月-2000年3月潮滩断面定位观测的相对高程记录，结合潮滩水文泥沙观测资料，对长江口南汇东滩的淤涨演变进行分析。结果表明，不断淤涨的平缓潮滩在风暴浪和常浪作用下发生相就应的突变和渐变，并且常浪对滩面起洗平作用，而风暴浪对滩面起掀掘作用。潮流携带细颗粒泥沙塑造潮滩，通过上、下滩水体含沙量之差可计算潮滩的堆积速率，从滩坡平衡原理可计算潮滩水平扩展趋势。计算结果得到南汇潮滩堆积速率为4．5cm/a，淤涨速率40－50m／a，写实测资料相符。     

长江口横沙附近河势变化与可利用港航资源分析

以1998/1999年长江流域洪水后奠定的河口河势为参照,利用四期大比例尺海图,数字化分析了1998/1999～2011年长江口北港河势与横沙东滩演变,讨论了北港和横沙东滩受河口重大工程影响产生的新变化。结果表明：青草沙水库工程稳定了北港河势;依托深水航道导堤工程和圈围工程,横沙东滩快速淤长,至2011年,-2 m、-5 m以上面积分别达到304 km2、522 km2,扣除深水航道坝田区面积,还有237 km2、450 km2;围绕横沙岛和横沙东滩,北岸可利用-10 m岸线达到16 km,在未来的7~23 a,可为上海的发展提供大量的新增岸线资源和土地资源。横沙北靠北港,南依长江口深水航道,东临东海;吹填成陆的横沙东滩土地资源丰富,经济地理位置优越,使得在横沙建设上海新港区成为可能     

基于GIS与LTM模型的上海市城市扩展模拟与预测

本文以1990、2000、2005年上海市城市土地利用遥感数据为基本数据源,结合城市人口数据,利用LTM模型对1990-2000年和1990-2005年上海市城市空间扩展过程进行了模拟和精度检验,并在此基础上对2020年上海市城市空间扩展进行了预测。结果表明:1990-2000年、1990-2005年LTM模型模拟结果的Kappa系数分别为0.59和0.61,可以较好的模拟历史时期上海市城市空间扩展的总体趋势;LTM模型预测结果显示,2005-2020年上海市城镇用地面积将由914.03km2增加到1123.79km2,年均扩展面积将由1990～2005年的23.44 km2/a下降到13.98 km2/a,未来上海市城市空间扩展速度将呈减缓趋势。     

钱塘江河口滩涂进一步治理与开发研究

钱塘江河口滩涂湿地面积大，分布范围广，钱塘江河口滩涂湿地的合理开发、利用和保护对河口地区的经济发展、岸线工程建设、航道开发、生态净化及环境保护等至关重要。区分了河口滩涂治理与滨海滩涂治理的不同，阐述了钱塘江河口滩涂岸线冲淤演变的历史，介绍了钱塘江河口滩涂近几十年的开发进程，尚存滩涂的面积与分布区域及河口滩涂几十年治理中在经济发展、防汛抗旱等方面取得的显著成效。分析了现在钱塘江河口滩涂开发治理在进度、利用及保护等方面存在的主要问题；并提出了钱塘江河口滩涂进一步围垦治理中要依据河口涨落潮流近些年发生的变化及滩涂冲淤速度，注重岸线工程建设与保护，优化江道河势，注意动态平衡，进行科学有序围垦，走综合性开发与可持续发展的道路等建议。     

长江口滩涂促淤工程的驱动力分析与可持续发展

综述了促淤工程的历史意义在于不仅形成了大约2000万人的人类生存空间,对长江三角洲经济开发和发展曾经起到巨大作用,同时也造就新的就业机会,还兼顾生态环境的动态保护,特别是青草沙水库的运行成为长江口水源地的战略选择。分析了促淤工程的驱动力虽然受长江三角洲自然因素和技术的制约,但长江口滩涂促淤的主要驱动力是长三角社会经济因素、社会需求和政策导向等。探讨了促淤工程的可持续发展对策,一方面是要建立和完善促淤工程的科学评价指标体系,将滩涂促淤可能带来的负面环境效应成本也纳入滩涂促淤工程项目的成本之列,另一方面是要加强对滩涂促淤的统筹规划,遵循《上海市基本生态网络规划》的指导思想,在规划设计阶段就实行因地制宜的方针。此外,提出了通过诸如"漂浮人工滩涂"等生态修复途径把受损的滩涂湿地生态系统恢复成健康的功能性生态系统,以实现促淤工程生态补偿的有效性。     

江苏近岸辐射沙洲潮滩变化遥感监测研究

潮滩是动态的后备土地资源,具有重要的生态价值和经济价值。为了实现潮滩的大范围遥感监测,选择江苏近岸辐射沙洲作为研究区,以HJ 1A/1B和Landsat系列卫星影像数据为数据源,基于遥感水边线集合的最外边界方法确定潮滩范围,实现了2009～2017年的潮滩面积提取以及变化分析。结果表明：研究区2009～2017年潮滩面积减少量约为219.83 km²,减幅8.7%。在2009～2014年研究区潮滩淤长面积8.35 km², 2014～2017年潮滩蚀退面积达228.88 km²,减幅9.18%。在2009~2017年,辐射沙洲北翼岸段和南翼岸段主要表现为侵蚀特征,內缘区和中部岸段表现为冲淤交替特征。该方法可以实现大范围、复杂地貌潮滩监测,为江苏省潮滩资源的合理开发利用提供数据参考。     

长江流域发展对长江口水域功能开发的影响

长江口水域是上海市重要水源地,同时兼具工农业取水、通航、纳污、围垦等多种功能,长江口已成为上海市建设世界级城市的重要支撑之一,其水资源的开发、利用和保护已成为人们关注的焦点。重点分析了随着长江流域社会经济的发展,流域水旱灾害、水土流失、污染物排放、大型水利工程建设等因素对长江口水域功能的影响,提出长江口现状过境水资源量为9335×108m3/a,上海市最大可开发利用的资源量约在3680×108m3/a;长江口水域水质基本符合II类标准,但近岸水域的污染不容忽视;长江口咸潮入侵成为长江口水资源利用的最大障碍,每年长江口的氯化物超标天数在45d;长江流域的来沙量有减少的趋势,多年平均输沙量为4.35×108t。最后,就河口水域功能开发提出了相关对策建议。     

长江口九段沙上沙典型潮滩年周期冲淤变化分析

根据2006年6月-2007年6月长江口九段沙上沙两固定断面逐月滩面高程测量结果，并结合同期表层悬沙浓度逐日观测资料，对潮滩的短周期冲淤变化过程及其演变特征进行了分析。结果表明：①潮滩具有明显的季节性冲淤循环规律，呈现“洪淤枯冲”的变化特征，其垂直冲淤量与同期提前一周长江大通径流量呈较好相关关系，相关系数达0．61；②“碧利斯”台风导致滩面平均蚀低6．4cm，最大蚀深20．2cm，其侵蚀量占年侵蚀总量近五成；③有人工抛石堤庇护的潮滩相对于自然潮滩，其冲淤变化量值和幅度均较小，而其相对高程与悬沙浓度间的线性相关系数变幅大，表明人工抛石堤具有一定的保滩功能，但其同时也改变了潮滩自然发育演变过程和规律。分析认为：上述潮滩年周期冲淤演变特征是在人为因素影响基础上，暴风浪和流域来水来沙综合作用的体现。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.