秸秆还田下氮肥用量对玉米产量及土壤无机氮的影响

研究连续2年秸秆还田下氮肥用量对玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮的影响,结果表明,玉米产量随着施氮量的增加逐渐增加,施氮量达到216 kg·hm^-2时,产量最高,施氮量超过216 kg·hm^-2时产量有降低的趋势。相同施氮处理玉米产量年际变化明显,2010年较2009年产量提高0.69％~4.75％。氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮收获指数随着秸秆还田年限的增加,均有不同程度的增加。2年0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均以施氮240 kg·hm^-2最高,且有向土壤深层迁移的趋势,对浅层地下水构成潜在的威胁。与施氮240 kg·hm^-2相比,施氮168、192 kg·hm^-2和216 kg·hm^-2处理0~100 cm土壤无机氮残留量2年平均减少39.87％、35.84％和29.38％。相同施氮处理,0~100 cm土壤无机氮累积量2010年较2009年略有降低。综合考虑玉米产量、氮肥利用率与生态环境效益,该地区最适施氮量200 kg·hm^-2左右。     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

控释尿素不同施用条件下冬小麦产量和氮素利用效应

采用田间试验方法研究了控释尿素不同施用条件对冬小麦产量、氮素利用和经济效益的影响。试验共设7个处理,即CK （空白处理,不施氮肥）、100%PU10/0（普通尿素全量基施,N 240 kg＆#183;hm-2）、100%PU6/4（60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 240 kg＆#183;hm-2）、80%PU6/4（60%的普通尿素基施、40%的普通尿素于拔节期追施,N 192 kg＆#183;hm-2）、100%CRU（全量树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 240 kg＆#183;hm-2）、80%CRU（80%树脂包膜控释尿素基施,N 192 kg＆#183;hm-2）和40%CRU＋40%PU（40%树脂包膜控释尿素＋40%的普通尿素基施,N 192 kg＆#183;hm-2）。结果表明,无论是产量效应还是氮素利用效应,树脂包膜控释尿素（CRU）处理总体优于普通尿素（PU）处理,尤其树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素配施（40%CRU＋40%PU）效果最佳,以7709 kg＆#183;hm-2的产量、36.44%的氮肥吸收利用率、15946元＆#183;hm-2的相对净收入达到处理间最高水平。该处理在减少氮素投入量的情况下,不仅促进了冬小麦增产,而且显著提高了肥料的利用率,拥有较高的产投比。因此,树脂包膜控释尿素和普通尿素的配施处理（40%CRU＋40%PU）是本试验条件下最优的氮肥处理。     

氮磷养分配施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响

通过田间定位试验,探讨水肥一体化技术下不同养分配施措施对土壤碳氮特征及叶用枸杞生长的影响,筛选出适合该区域叶用枸杞高效可持续生产管理模式。结果表明,随着养分浓度的增大,各层次土壤中有机碳含量整体呈现增加趋势,土壤中易氧化态有机碳及土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)变化趋势与土壤有机碳类似。与对照相比,水肥一体化施肥增加了0～20cm和20～40cm土层硝态氮含量;但随着土层深入,土壤剖面硝态氮含量整体呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而对照处理硝态氮呈现增加趋势,40～60cm土层硝态氮含量达最大。在水肥一体化N2P3处理下,叶用枸杞叶芽产量最高。研究确定,N2P3处理的"少量多次"水肥一体化灌溉模式,是叶用枸杞生产区最佳的农业高效高产的水肥生产管理模式。     

缓释肥侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

利用田间小区试验,系统研究了基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响。试验结果表明：与农民常规施肥处理（FP）比较,侧条施肥技术高缓释肥处理（HF）水稻氮素投入比农民常规施肥处理（FP）降低约40%,水稻产量没有显著降低,穗粒数比农民常规施肥处理增加了8.36%。侧条施肥技术显著提高了水稻地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮素的表观损失量。侧条施肥各处理氮肥偏生产力在39.1～67.8之间,显著高于FP处理的23.7。FP处理氮素表观损失量高达174.2 kg＆#183;hm-2,侧条施肥各处理表观损失量在23.2～61.9 kg＆#183;hm-2之间。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术是一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术。     

保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率研究——Ⅰ.保氮增效剂在玉米生产中的应用效果

田间试验和示范表明,在玉米作物生产中施用兼具多元素复合和氮肥加价作用的保氮增效剂,可显著地改善植株性状,促果穗增长增粗,使秃尖率下降、穗粒数和百粒重增加。保氮增效剂用量为玉米施氮肥量的2.92%～4.99%,玉米增产51.5～68.4kg/亩。肥料报酬提高2.2～2.6倍,增收经济效益达34.1～44.7元/亩。     

盘锦地区稻田田面水氮素动态变化及化学氮肥投入阈值研究

以水稻为供试作物,水稻土为供试土壤,采用田间定位试验的方法,以施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N浓度为指标,进行了施氮后田面水中氮素释放规律研究。结果表明,施肥后田面水中的总氮（TN）、NH4＋-N和NO3--N浓度随着施肥量的增加而增加,随着时间的推移三者的浓度呈先上升后下降的趋势,一周后趋于稳定;以氮素表观盈余率和植株吸氮量为指标,从环境安全角度研究水稻生产化学氮肥投入阈值,初步确定试验区环境安全化学氮肥投入阈值为189.22～218.98 kg·hm^-2;以水稻产量为指标,进行了粮食安全氮肥投入阈值研究,初步确定试验区水稻生产粮食安全化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～288.89 kg·hm^-2。综合考虑粮食安全和环境安全,试验区化学氮肥投入阈值为202.24～218.98 kg·hm^-2。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田（n=4）和水旱轮作大田（n=4）,通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮（TSN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）和溶解性有机氮（SON）含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON＆gt;NO3--N＆gt;NH4＋-N,大田为NO3--N＆gt;SON＆gt;NH4＋-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

测土配方施肥对农业面源污染氮防控效果研究

根据第一次全国污染源普查取得的成果之一,“农业源污染物排放对水环境的影响较大,农业源是总氮、总磷排放的主要来源”,笔者认为,要从根本上解决我国水的污染问题,必须防控好农业源中的氮、磷肥施用量。为此,结合我站正在实施农业部、财政部测土配方施肥补贴项目,为验证测土配方施肥对农业源氮污染物的防控效果,开展了农业源水稻施氮调控试验,探索水稻不同施氮量对农业源污染物氮的防控效果。本试验结果表明：在水稻施氮177kg·hm^-2,氮肥利用率最高,达35．79％;与农民习惯施氮相比,减少地下水排放含氮量5．6mg·L^-1,说明测土配方施肥对农业源氮污染物有较好的防控效果。     

保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率的研究 Ⅱ.保氮增效剂在小麦生产中的应用效果

利用田间试验研究了氮肥与保氮增效剂共施的效应函数和保氮增效剂促进小麦省肥增产的比较效果。同的供氮水平,保氮增效剂均能改善小麦植株经济性状,促进籽粒增产,提高氮肥报酬和施肥利润。保氮增效剂用量为氮肥实物量的5%作小麦基肥,旱地增产45～52.5kg/亩,稻田增产54.5～74.5kg/亩,氮肥报酬提高41.4～68.6%。     

Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate

The relationships between N fertilizer rate, yield, and NO3 leaching need to be quantified to develop soil and crop management practices that are economically and environmentally sustainable. From 1996 through 1999, we measured yield and NO3 loss from a subsurface drained field in central Iowa at three N fertilizer rates: a low (L) rate of 67 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 57 kg ha(-1) in 1998, a medium (M) rate of 135 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 114 kg ha(-1) in 1998, and a high (H) rate of 202 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 172 kg ha(-1) in 1998. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were grown in rotation with N fertilizer applied in the spring to corn only. For the L treatment, NO3 concentrations in the drainage water exceeded the 10 mg N L(-1) maximum contaminant level (MCL) established by the USEPA for drinking water only during the years that corn was grown. For the M and H treatments, NO3 concentrations exceeded the MCL in all years, regardless of crop grown. For all years, the NO3 mass loss in tile drainage water from the H treatment (48 kg N ha(-1)) was significantly greater than the mass losses from the M (35 kg N ha(-1)) and L (29 kg N ha(-1)) treatments, which were not significantly different. The economically optimum N fertilizer rate for corn was between 67 and 135 kg ha(-1) in 1996 and 114 and 172 kg ha(-1) in 1998, but the net N mass balance indicated that N was being mined from the soil at these N fertilizer levels and that the system would not be sustainable.     

Recycling soil nitrate nitrogen by amending agricultural lands with oily food waste

With current agricultural practices the amounts of fertilizer N applied are frequently more than the amounts removed by the crop. Excessive N application may result in short-term accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in soil, which can easily be leached from the root zone and into the ground water. A management practice suggested for conserving accumulated NO3-N is the application of oily food waste (FOG; fat + oil + greases) to agricultural soils. A two-year field study (1995-1996 and 1996-1997) was conducted at Elora Research Center (43 degrees 38' N, 80 degrees W; 346 m above mean sea level), University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of FOG application in fall and spring on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization of soil N in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer. The experiment was planned under a randomized complete block design with four replications. An unamended control and a reference treatment [winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop] were included in the experiment to compare the effects of fall and spring treatment of oily food waste on soil NO3-N contents and apparent N immobilization-mineralization. Oily food waste application at 10 Mg ha(-1) in the fall decreased soil NO3-N by immobilization and conserved 47 to 56 kg NO3-N ha(-1), which would otherwise be subject to leaching. Nitrogen immobilized due to FOG application in the fall was subsequently remineralized by the time of fertilizer N sidedress, whereas no net mineralization was observed in spring-amended plots at the same time.     

Fertilizer, tillage, and dairy manure contributions to nitrate and herbicide leaching

Few studies have examined the water quality impact of manure use in no-tillage systems. A lysimeter study in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) was performed on Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudalf) to evaluate the effect(s) of tillage (no-till [NT] and chisel-disk [CD]), nitrogen fertilizer rate (0 and 168 kg N ha(-1)), and dairy manure application timing (none, spring, fall, or fall plus spring) on NO3-N, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), and alachlor [2-chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] concentrations in leachate collected at a 90-cm depth. Herbicides were highest immediately after application, declining to less than 4 mug L(-1) in about two months. Manure and manure timing by tillage interactions had little effect on leachate herbicides; rather, the data suggest that macropores rapidly transmitted atrazine and alachlor through the soil. Tillage usually did not significantly affect leachate NO3-N, but no-tillage tended to cause higher NO(3)-N. Manuring caused higher NO3-N concentrations; spring manuring had more impact than fall, but fall manure contained about 78% of the N found in spring manure. Nitrate under spring "only fertilizer" treatment exceeded 10 mg L(-1) 38% of the time, compared with 15% for spring only manure treatment. After three years, manured soil leachate NO3-N exceeded that for soil receiving only N fertilizer. Soil profile (90 cm) NO3-N after corn harvest exceeding 22 kg N ha(-1) was associated with winter leachate NO3-N greater than 10 mg N L(-1). Manure can be used effectively in conservation tillage systems on this and similar soils. Accounting for all N inputs, including previous manure applications, will be important.     

Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) yield and nitrate loss predictions for Wisconsin maize receiving varied amounts of nitrogen fertilizer

Agriculture in the U.S. Midwest faces the formidable challenge of improving crop productivity while simultaneously mitigating the environmental consequences of intense management. This study examined the simultaneous response of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching losses and maize (Zea mays L.) yield to varied fertilizer N management using field observations and the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) model. The model was validated against six years of field observations in chisel-plowed maize plots receiving an optimal (180 kg N ha(-1)) fertilizer N application and in N-unfertilized plots on a silt loam soil near Arlington, Wisconsin. Predicted values of grain yield, harvest index, plant N uptake, residue C to N ratio, leaf area index (LAI), grain N, and drainage were within 20% of observations. However, simulated NO3-N leaching losses, NO3-N concentrations, and net N mineralization exhibited less interannual variability than observations, and had higher levels of error (20-65%). Potential effects of 30% higher (234 kg N ha(-1)) and 30% lower (126 kg N ha(-1)) fertilizer N use (from optimal) on NO3-N leaching loss and maize yield were simulated. A 30% increase in fertilizer N use increased annual NO3-N leaching by 56%, while yield increased by only 1%. The NO3-N concentration in the leachate solution at 1.4 m below the soil surface was 30.7 mg L(-1). When fertilizer N use was reduced by 30% (from optimal), annual NO3-N leaching losses declined by 42% after seven years, and annual average yield only decreased by 8%. However, NO3-N concentration in the leachate solution remained above 10 mg L(-1) (11.3 mg L(-1)). Clearly, nonlinear relationships existed between changes in fertilizer use and NO3-N leaching losses over time. Simulated changes in NO3-N leaching were greater in magnitude than fertilizer N use changes.     

Modeling nitrogen and water management effects in a wheat-maize double-cropping system

Excessive N and water use in agriculture causes environmental degradation and can potentially jeopardize the sustainability of the system. A field study was conducted from 2000 to 2002 to study the effects of four N treatments (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha(-1) per crop) on a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system under 70 +/- 15% field capacity in the North China Plain (NCP). The root zone water quality model (RZWQM), with the crop estimation through resource and environment synthesis (CERES) plant growth modules incorporated, was evaluated for its simulation of crop production, soil water, and N leaching in the double cropping system. Soil water content, biomass, and grain yield were better simulated with normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE, RMSE divided by mean observed value) from 0.11 to 0.15 than soil NO(3)-N and plant N uptake that had NRMSE from 0.19 to 0.43 across these treatments. The long-term simulation with historical weather data showed that, at 200 kg N ha(-1) per crop application rate, auto-irrigation triggered at 50% of the field capacity and recharged to 60% field capacity in the 0- to 50-cm soil profile were adequate for obtaining acceptable yield levels in this intensified double cropping system. Results also showed potential savings of more than 30% of the current N application rates per crop from 300 to 200 kg N ha(-1), which could reduce about 60% of the N leaching without compromising crop yields.     

Effect of manure application timing, crop, and soil type on nitrate leaching

Timing of manure application affects N leaching. This 3-yr study quantified N losses from liquid manure application on two soils, a Muskellunge clay loam and a Stafford loamy sand, as affected by cropping system and timing of application. Dairy manure was applied at an annual rate of 93 800 L ha(-1) on replicated drained plots under continuous maize (Zea mays L.) in early fall, late fall, early spring, and as a split application in early and late spring. Variable rates of supplemental sidedress N fertilizer were applied as needed. Manure was applied on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in split applications in early fall and late spring, and early and late spring, with supplemental N fertilizer topdressed as NH4NO3 in early spring at 75 kg N ha(-1). Drain water was sampled at least weekly when lines were flowing. Three-year FWM (flow-weighted mean) NO3-N concentrations on loamy sand soil averaged 2.5 times higher (12.7 mg L(-1)) than those on clay loam plots (5.2 mg L(-1)), and those for fall applications on maize-cropped land averaged >10 mg L(-1) on the clay loam and >20 mg L(-1) on the loamy sand. Nitrate-N concentrations among application seasons followed the pattern early fall > late fall > early spring = early + late spring. For grass, average NO3-N concentrations from manure application remained well below 10 mg L(-1). Fall manure applications on maize show high NO3-N leaching risks, especially on sandy soils, and manure applications on grass pose minimal leaching concern.