黄顶菊入侵对土壤磷细菌多样性的影响

采用选择性培养基和rep—PCR聚类分析等手段,通过盆栽试验,研究了入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤中磷细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后增加了土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量,入侵后其数量分别为人侵前的1．17倍和1．08倍。rep—PCR基因指纹分析结果显示,黄顶菊入侵前土壤磷细菌包含19个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌10个聚类群,有机磷细菌9个聚类群;入侵后土壤磷细菌包含22个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌11个聚类群,有机磷细菌11个聚类群。多样性分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤中无机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．369,高于入侵前的10和2．303;有机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．398,高于入侵前的9和2．197,而2种细菌的物种均匀度指数基本不变。本文从土壤微生态学的角度初步探讨了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落中磷细菌的影响,为进一步研究黄顶菊入侵的地下化感机制和竞争机制提供一定的理论依据。     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照（N0）、1.5 g·m^-2（N15）、3.0 g·m^-2（N30）、5.0 g·m^-2（N50）、10.0 g·m^-2（N100）、15.0 g·m^-2（N150）、20.0 g·m^-2（N200）和30 g·m^-2（N300）（不包括大气沉降的氮量）8个氮素（NH4NO3）梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明：氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理（N150、N200和N300）显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

土地利用方式改变以及长期施肥处理对酸性土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物在维持土壤生态系统稳定和可持续发展中发挥着主导作用,长期不同土地利用方式和施肥措施对土壤微生物群落结构有重要的影响。在20年长期定位的实验田选取旱地无施肥(US-CK)、旱地施肥(US-NPK)、水田无施肥(PS-CK)、水田施肥(PS-NPK)4种处理的土壤,采用基于16S r RNA基因的高通量测序比较分析了其微生物群落结构组成和多样性,并结合环境因子作相关性分析。结果表明,4种处理土壤微生物多样性的排序为USNPKUS-CKPS-CKPS-NPK,旱地改为水田后提高了土壤微生物多样性,且显著大于长期施肥带来的影响;4种土壤的主导菌群与大多数土壤一致,均为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)22.0%~30.3%,变形菌门(Proteobactria)18.2%~32.7%,酸杆菌门(Acidobactria)19.7%~24.3%,放线菌门(Actinobactria)6.0%~13.6%;但不同处理的土壤微生物群落代谢功能出现了分异。进一步揭示了土壤微生物对生态环境变化的响应机制,也为改进施肥和耕作制度提供依据。     

设施高肥力蔬菜地氮素调控下磷素特征研究

设施蔬菜种植中存在不合理施肥现象,土壤养分严重失调。为了解设施蔬菜地高氮肥力水平下不同氮素水平对磷素的养分吸收影响,2004—2007年在山东寿光进行不同氮素水平调控和秸秆还田试验,并于2007年冬春季进行裂区淋滤试验。结果表明,不同水平的氮素调控影响磷素含量变化,空白（NN）、有机肥（MN）、有机肥＋秸秆（MN＋S）供氮水平下土壤全磷含量逐年下降,降幅NN〉MN〉MN＋S,全磷增幅传统氮素（cN）〉传统氮素＋秸秆（CN＋S）〉氮素优化＋秸秆（SN＋S）〉氮素优化（sN）。CN、CN＋S供氮水平下土壤速效磷含量达到213．7、225．4mg·kg^-1,增长了17．1％、23．5％,磷素累积明显;其他供氮水平下速效磷含量逐年下降,降幅NN〉MN〉MN＋S〉SN＋S〉SN〉CN〉CN＋S,减少氮素供应有利于减缓磷素累积,促进磷的吸收利用。除NN供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量下降外,其他处理均不同程度增加,CN、CN＋S供氮水平下土壤有机磷含量累积明显（308．4、331Amg·ks。）,分别增长了28．5％、38．2％。SN＋S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数（HO,,rrg·100g。）达到了1571,增长了143．6％;CN、CN＋S供氮水平下磷的吸收系数出现了负增长,CN供氮水平下达到了416（P2O5,mg·100g^-1）,下降了35．5％。添加麦秸秆极大地提高了磷的吸收能力,在一定程度上能减缓土壤速效磷的累积。淋溶液中全磷含量SN〉SN＋S,有机磷含量SN〉SN＋S,秸秆还田对阻控有机磷素淋溶有一定的作用,但整个冬春生长季渗滤液中全磷含量在2．6～12．0mg·L^-1,有机磷含量在OA2～4．1mg·L^-1,淋出液水质仍超过了国家安全水质标准。因此,在高肥力水平下进行氮素调控,优化氮素供应量,促进了磷素的吸收利用,对农民在高肥力水平下施肥具有指导意义。建议农民在以后的种植中减少氮肥供应量及添加高碳源秸秆进行还田,以提高肥料的利用率,减少氮磷对土壤及水体的污染。     

IABR-IBAF工艺处理猪场稳定塘废水的实验研究

难降解有机物含量高且碳氮比失调是造成养猪场稳定塘废水难于处理的主要原因。本文采用基于固定化微生物技术的厌氧折流板（IABR）与曝气生物滤池（IBAF）组合工艺处理稳定塘废水,对比了IABR-IABF组合工艺与单一IBAF工艺的处理效果,研究了碱度和碳源对硝化反硝化过程的影响。组合工艺平均进水COD1532．6mg／L,平均出水为332．7mg／L,去除率为78％,NH3-N平均进水538．6mg／L,平均出水为12．3mg／L,去除率97．7％。以新鲜废水做反硝化阶段的碳源时TN去除率93％,可有效解决脱氮过程中的碳源成本问题。     

我国南方主要酸沉降区临界负荷研究

以马尾松为指示植物,对韶关的土壤进行了长期淋溶模拟并记录其化学状态。结果发现,土壤溶液的pH值下降到4.0,Bs值下降到几乎为零,有较大量的A1离子溶出。最后选取土壤溶液pn〉4.0、KS〉10％和[Al^3＋]〈0.1mmol／L为临界化学指标,参考国内外应用广泛的MAGIC模型和SMART模型,确定韶关酸沉降临界负荷（S的临界负荷）为14.1keq／hm^2.a。     

不同经营措施对杉木人工林土壤碳库的影响

森林土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥着关键作用。以我国亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,以常绿阔叶林为对照,分析比较了不同经营措施对土壤碳矿化、微生物特征、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,杉木火力楠混交模式和轮栽模式均显著增加了土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤微生物熵、易氧化有机碳和碳库管理指数,提高了土壤微生物对底物的利用效率,土壤易氧化有机碳可作为反映土壤碳库质量的有效指标。     

土壤质量微生物学指标研究概述

土壤微生物是表征土壤质量最有潜力的敏感性指标,高质量的土壤应具有稳定的微生物群落组成和结构、高微生物生物量及良好的微生物活性。本文从微生物的群落组成与多样性、微生物生物量和微生物活性3个方面进行了综述。微生物指标研究目前任务是确定一套评价土壤质量的微生物学指标最小参数集。建议今后加强土壤样品收集、储存、预处理及分析方法规范化,深层土壤微生物对土壤质量的作用及建立本底土壤微生物属性数据库等方面的研究。     

长庆油田石油污染土壤微生物种群多样性研究

以姬塬油田井场石油污染土壤为研究对象,通过高通量测序,分析了细菌群落的类型和结构,结果显示3份土壤样品中共检测到包括变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门等24个门的细菌,土壤微生物结构多样性丰富,揭示了原油污染土壤的微生物种群多样性情况,对石油污染微生物治理技术具有重要的意义。     

木贼定居对铅锌尾矿砂微生物多样性及重金属迁移转化的影响

为研究根际微生物影响木贼耐受和吸附重金属的机制,为重金属污染植物-微生物协同修复提供参考,应用化学分析方法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对木贼定居对铅锌尾矿重金属含量、土壤微生物多样性的影响进行研究。结果表明,子囊菌、未明确分类真菌和担子菌是铅锌尾矿地土壤的优势真菌。木贼定居导致散囊菌纲、座囊菌纲丰度下降,粪壳菌纲丰度增加。Alternaria,Amorphotheca,Aspergillus为尾矿裸地中主要优势真菌,Fusarium,Chaetomiaceae-Unclassified,Calcarisporiella为木贼根际土壤主要优势真菌。变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,Lactococcus,Bacillus,Gemmatimonas,Sulfuricaulis,Dongia,Sulfurifustis,Azoarcus,Nitrospira等是尾矿地优势细菌。有机质、全氮与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著相关,重金属含量与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著或极显著负相关。木贼定居提高了尾矿砂中微生物的种类和多样性,有利于有机和氮素营养成分的积累和降低重金属含量;在尾矿生态修复实践中可多引入木贼等乡土草本先锋植物,同时补充有机质和氮素营养,或引入功能微生物菌剂和接种植物共生菌等,强化生态修复效果。     

Differential Effects of Legume Species on the Recovery of Soil Microbial Communities, and Carbon and Nitrogen Contents, in Abandoned Fields of the Loess Plateau, China

Plant–soil interactions are known to influence a wide range of ecosystem-level functions. Moreover, the recovery of these functions is of importance for the successful restoration of soils that have been degraded through intensive and/or inappropriate land use. Here, we assessed the effect of planting treatments commonly used to accelerate rates of grassland restoration, namely introduction of different legume species Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Melilotus suaveolens, on the recovery of soil microbial communities and carbon and nitrogen contents in abandoned fields of the Loess Plateau, China. The results showed effects were species-specific, and either positive, neutral or negative depending on the measure and time-scale. All legumes increased basal respiration and metabolic quotient and had a positive effect on activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community, measured using Biolog EcoPlate. However, soil under Astragalus adsurgens had the highest activity and functional diversity relative to the other treatments. Soil carbon and nitrogen content and microbial biomass were effectively restored in 3–5?years by introducing Medicago sativa and Astragalus adsurgens into early abandoned fields. Soil carbon and nitrogen content were retarded in 3–5?years and microbial biomass was retarded in the fifth year by introducing Melilotus suaveolens. Overall, the restoration practices of planting legumes can significantly affect soil carbon and nitrogen contents, and the biomass, activity, and functional diversity of soil microbial community. Therefore, we propose certain legume species could be used to accelerate ecological restoration of degraded soils, hence assist in the protection and preservation of the environment.     

Influence of rhizosphere microbial ecophysiological parameters from different plant species on butachlor degradation in a riparian soil

Biogeochemical processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. However, little research has been reported on the microbial process and degradation potential of herbicide in a riparian soil. Field sampling and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate differences in microbial parameters and butachlor degradation in the riparian soil from four plant communities in Chongming Island, China. The results suggested that the rhizosphere soil had significantly higher total organic C and water-soluble organic C relative to the nonrhizosphere soil. Differences in rhizosphere microbial community size and physiological parameters among vegetation types were significant. The rhizosphere soil from the mixed community of Phragmites australis and Acorus calamus had the highest microbial biomass and biochemical activity, followed by A. calamus, P. australis and Zizania aquatica. Microbial ATP, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and basal soil respiration (BSR) in the rhizosphere of the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus were 58, 72, and 62% higher, respectively, than in the pure P. australis community. Compared with the rhizosphere soil of the pure plant communities, the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus displayed a significantly greater degradation rate of butachlor in the rhizosphere soil. Residual butachlor concentrations in rhizosphere soil of the mixed community of P. australis and A. calamus and were 48, 63, and 68% lower than three pure plant communities, respectively. Butachlor degradation rates were positively correlated to microbial ATP, DHA, and BSR, indicating that these microbial parameters may be useful in assessing butachlor degradation potential in the riparian soil.     

Plant Communities,Soil Carbon,and Soil Nitrogen Properties in a Successional Gradient of Sub-Alpine Meadows on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China

To assess the recovery trajectory and self-maintenance of restored ecosystems, a successional gradient (1, 3, 5, 15, and 30 years after abandonment) was established in a sub-alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau in China. Plant communities and soil carbon and nitrogen properties were investigated and analyzed. Regression analyses were used to assess the models (linear or quadratic) relating measures of species richness, soil carbon and nitrogen properties to fallow time. We found that species richness (S) increased over the first 20 years but decreased thereafter, and aboveground biomass showed a linear increase along the fallow time gradient. The richness of different functional groups (forb, grass and legume) changed little along the fallow time gradient, but their corresponding above ground biomass showed the U-shaped, humped or linear pattern. Soil microbial carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) in the upper 20 cm showed a U-shaped pattern along the fallow time gradient. However, soil organic carbon (C_org) and total nitrogen (TN) in the soil at depth greater than 20 cm showed significant patterns of linear decline along the fallow time gradient. The threshold models of species richness reflected best the recovery over the 15 year fallow period. These results indicated that fallow time had a greater influence on development of the plant community than soil processes in abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow ecosystem. These results also suggested that although the succession process did not significantly increase soil C, an increase in microbial biomass at the latter stage of succession could promote the decomposability of plant litter. Therefore, abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow ecosystem may have a high resilience and strong rehabilitating capability under natural recovery condition.     

Soil microbial community response to hexavalent chromium in planted and unplanted soil

Theories suggest that rapid microbial growth rates lead to quicker development of metal resistance. We tested these theories by adding hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] to soil, sowing Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and comparing rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial community responses. Four weeks after the initial Cr(VI) application we measured Cr concentration, microbial biomass by fumigation extraction and soil extract ATP, tolerance to Cr and growth rates with tritiated thymidine incorporation, and performed community substrate use analysis with BIOLOG GN plates. Exchangeable Cr(VI) levels were very low, and therefore we assumed the Cr(VI) impact was transient. Microbial biomass was reduced by Cr(VI) addition. Microbial tolerance to Cr(VI) tended to be higher in the Cr-treated rhizosphere soil relative to the non-treated systems, while microorganisms in the Cr-treated bulk soil were less sensitive to Cr(VI) than microorganisms in the non-treated bulk soil. Microbial diversity as measured by population evenness increased with Cr(VI) addition based on a Gini coefficient derived from BIOLOG substrate use patterns. Principal component analysis revealed separation between Cr(VI) treatments, and between rhizosphere and bulk soil treatments. We hypothesize that because of Cr(VI) addition there was indirect selection for fast-growing organisms, alleviation of competition among microbial communities, and increase in Cr tolerance in the rhizosphere due to the faster turnover rates in that environment.     

Changes in Labile Organic Carbon Fractions and Soil Enzyme Activities after Marshland Reclamation and Restoration in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China

The extensive reclamation of marshland into cropland has tremendously impacted the ecological environment of the Sanjiang Plain in northeast China. To understand the impacts of marshland reclamation and restoration on soil properties, we investigated the labile organic carbon fractions and the soil enzyme activities in an undisturbed marshland, a cultivated marshland and three marshlands that had been restored for 3, 6 and 12?years. Soil samples collected from the different management systems at a depth of 0-20?cm in July 2009 were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and easily degradable organic carbon. In addition, the activities of the invertase, β-glucosidase, urease and acid phosphatase were determined. These enzymes are involved in C, N and P cycling, respectively. Long-term cultivation resulted in decreased SOC, DOC, MBC, microbial quotient and C (invertase, β-glucosidase) and N-transforming (urease) enzyme activities compared with undisturbed marshland. After marshland restoration, the MBC and DOC concentrations and the soil invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities increased. Soil DOC and MBC concentrations are probably the main factors responsible for the different invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. In addition, marshland restoration caused a significant increase in the microbial quotient, which reflects enhanced efficiency of organic substrate use by microbial biomass. Our observations demonstrated that soil quality recovered following marshland restoration. DOC, MBC and invertase, β-glucosidase and urease activities were sensitive for discriminating soil ecosystems under the different types of land use. Thus, these parameters should be considered to be indicators for detecting changes in soil quality and environmental impacts in marshlands.     

沼渣连续施用对土壤微生物量碳、氮剖面分布的影响

通过"棉花+小麦"轮作施用沼渣的定位试验,研究不同年限的沼渣施用对土壤剖面微生物量C、N(MBC、MBN)分布特征的影响。结果表明:在0~50cm剖面上,施用沼渣1年对0~30cm土壤的MBC、MBN影响较大,能显著提高30~40cm土层土壤MBC、MBN的含量,施用沼渣5年时对40~50cm土层MBC、MBN无明显影响。土壤MBC、MBN含量总体随施用沼渣年限的延长而增加,各土层MBC、MBN含量增幅随着施用年限的延长呈现不同趋势。施用沼渣1年,耕层土壤的MBC/MBN值较习惯耕作增加,施用沼渣3年后,其值呈降低趋势。各土层的MBC/TOC、MBN/TN和MBC的变化趋势基本一致,总体随着沼渣施用年限的延长而增加。针对"棉花+小麦"轮作模式,持续施用沼渣3年更有利于改善0~40cm土层土壤肥力。     

流域非点源分布式模型AnnAGNPS参数的不确定性研究

流域非点源分布式模型的不确定性研究成为目前的热点问题之一。本研究以宁波市章溪河流域为研究区,通过GIS软件AreView和AnnAGNPS模型,集成利用莫里斯分类筛选法,选取临界源面积、SCS曲线系数、水土保持因子、饱和导水率、氮磷吸收率、施肥量等6个因子进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明,土壤饱和导水率、水土保持因子和径流曲线CN值对模型输出结果影响较大;水土保持因子对泥沙、总磷和总有机碳负荷的模拟结果影响最大,均呈显著负效应;径流曲线CN值对总氮负荷计算结果影响最大,呈显著正效应。