柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

长江流域(安徽段)土壤-作物系统重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究长江流域安徽段土壤-作物系统重金属的污染特征及健康风险,采集了水稻和小麦及其根系土样品338组,测定了8种重金属含量,采用污染指数法、潜在生态危害、多元统计分析和健康风险进行评价.结果表明,水稻根系土和小麦根系土重金属含量均超过江淮流域背景,根系土Cd、 Cu、 Cr和Ni具有明显的积累效应,水稻根系土较小麦土污染严重;潜在生态风险为轻微-中等风险等级,主要来源于Cd和Hg元素.多元统计分析显示Cu、 Pb、 Zn和Cd为工业源和农业源,Cr、 Ni为自然源,As和Hg为农业源.水稻对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>Ni>As>Cr=Pb,小麦对重金属的吸收富集强度依次分别为：Zn>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>As=Pb>Cr;根系土重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经口摄入是发生非致癌风险的主要暴露途径.非致癌风险评价表明小麦根系土对儿童具有一定的非致癌风险,但不存在致癌风险.摄入水稻和小麦对成人和儿童均有一定程度的非致癌风险和不可接受的致癌风险.     

东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内9个区县45个水样中的常规水质指标和铁、铜、锰、锌、砷、铬、汞、铅、镉等金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并应用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型的水源地进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,该研究区域的金属致癌风险较高,其中最高的致癌风险来自水库中的铬,成人和儿童分别达到1.14×10-4.a-1和2.14×10-4.a-1,江河、水库和地下水的金属总致癌风险超过了ICRP推荐的可接受风险水平5.0×10-5.a-1;该区域金属非致癌风险较低,均在EPA推荐的可接受范围内.该研究区域金属污染物的优先控制顺序为铬>砷>铅>铁>锌,饮用水源地的风险值排序为水库>江河>地下水>山泉.     

武陵山区域典型生态保护城市饮用水源地水质人体健康风险评价

选择武陵山区域黔江区的2个城市集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,通过2010-2014年每月进行水质监测,获取120组有效数据,运用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对13项水质指标（如Cd、As、Hg等）进行健康风险评估.结果表明:2010-2014年,黔江区小南海、洞塘水库监测指标均满足GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》 Ⅲ标准,水质状况良好.2个饮用水源地的成人总致癌风险均在0.87×10-7~1.19×10-7 a-1之间,儿童总致癌风险均在2.86×10-7~3.91×10-7 a-1之间,成人和儿童的水质总健康风险均值低于US EPA和ICRP（1×10-4和5×10-5 a-1）的最大可接受风险水平2个数量级以上.健康风险排序为致癌物>非致癌物.计算健康风险指标贡献率表明,通过饮水暴露途径引起健康风险应优先控制Cr6+.黔江区2个城市饮用水源地对儿童产生的人体健康总风险值大于成人,因此儿童更易受到化学物质引起的健康危害.不确定分析结果表明,该研究健康风险评价结果具有可信性,但污染物浓度、人体单位体质量、日均饮水量以及暴露时间的变动将会影响健康风险水平的高低.      

陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属元素分布特征及健康风险评价

在2016年对陆浑水库饮用水源地46个水样中12种金属元素(包括重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn和轻金属Al)进行测定,探讨了水体中金属元素的分布特征,并借助健康风险评价模型评价了水体中金属人体健康风险.结果表明,陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中Al最大浓度(200.27μg·L~(-1))和Mo所有浓度(151.42~170.69μg·L~(-1))均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定的标准限值,超标率依次为4.35%和100%.陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属浓度分布具有较明显的空间差异性,高值区域集中在库区西南部(上游)、东北部(下游).健康风险评价结果表明,儿童暴露剂量明显高于成人暴露剂量,金属元素经饮用水途径引起的健康风险均高于皮肤接触途径.金属致癌风险中,Cr和As致癌风险超过最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),超标率分别为100%和3.80%,Cr对总致癌风险的贡献率平均达到85%;非致癌性金属元素健康风险(10~(-12)~10~(-7)a~(-1))呈现出AlMoCuPbNiHgFeZnMn,比最大可接受风险水平低2~7个数量级.     

贵州荔波喀斯特洞穴水重金属含量及健康风险评价

为了解荔波洞穴水的重金属含量及健康风险水平,文章对13个洞穴水中的8种重金属浓度进行检测分析,并运用健康风险评价模型,估算饮水暴露途径下重金属污染物的健康危害风险水平。结果表明,重金属的平均浓度大小为:Zn>Cr>Cu>As>Ni>Cd>Pb>Hg,均未超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准。荔波洞穴水重金属含量总体低于(或少部分接近)洞穴外地表水和地下水。Spearman相关性分析表明,Zn与Pb、Cu之间均呈极显著正相关,Cd和Hg之间呈极显著正相关,As和Cr、Hg之间均呈极显著负相关。健康风险评价表明,洞穴水重金属所致的成人和儿童的健康总风险平均值大小顺序为Cr>As>Cd>Cu>Hg>Ni>Pb>Zn。Cr和As(85%的洞穴)所致的成人和儿童的个人平均年健康风险均超过了瑞典环境保护局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险,说明如果长期饮用洞穴水会产生一定的致癌风险。Cr和As对成人和儿童总健康风险的平均贡献率均为99.60%,故Cr和As应作为荔波洞穴水优先控制管理的污染物。儿童的健康总风险(5.46×10~(-6)～3.97×10~(-5)a~(-1))高于成人(4.80×10~(-6)～3.51×10~(-5)a~(-1)),需加强对儿童饮用水安全的控制和管理。     

兰州市西固区儿童饮用水重金属暴露及健康风险精细化评估

饮用水是人体暴露重金属的重要途径之一,准确评估人体经饮用水暴露重金属的健康风险对其采取有针对性地健康风险防范措施具有重要意义.为探索并准确识别兰州市西固区人群经饮用水途径对重金属暴露的健康风险,本研究于2015年7～9月(非采暖期)和2015年12月～2016年1月(采暖期)开展现场入户调查,采集当地0～5岁和6～17岁儿童的饮水和用水样品,并开展人群饮用水行为模式问卷调查.通过饮水和用水中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度分析,结合儿童饮用水暴露行为模式特征,采用美国环保署推荐的暴露和健康风险评价模型开展儿童饮水和用水重金属暴露的健康风险研究.结果表明,两种水体中Cd、Cr、Pb和As的浓度均未超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准限值,用水重金属的浓度受季节性影响较大,而饮水较小.饮水和用水中4种重金属的非致癌和致癌风险水平范围分别为2. 82E-08～2. 43E-02和7. 55E-09～3. 62E-05,均处于可接受风险水平;但饮水中重金属的致癌和非致癌健康风险均高于用水.同一时期0～5岁儿童用水重金属暴露的致癌和非致癌风险均低于6～17岁;而0～5岁儿童饮水中重金属暴露的致癌风险低于6～17岁,非致癌风险却高于6～17岁.研究表明该地区饮水/用水重金属暴露不会对人体健康产生明显危害,精细化的暴露评估方法可减少健康风险评估的不确定性.     

苏州市集中式饮用水源地健康风险评价

通过收集2015-2019年苏州市集中式饮用水源地水质的例行监测数据,采用USEPA（美国环保署）推荐的健康风险评价模型,对12个在用水源地水质进行了较为全面的健康风险评价,并利用GIS软件对评价结果进行了空间可视化展示。结果表明:2015-2019年苏州市集中式饮用水源地致癌风险均值为4.07×10-5/a,非致癌风险均值为3.61×10-9/a,总风险均值为4.07×10-5/a。健康总风险按水源地排序为长江新海坝水源地（5.33×10-5）>长江常熟水源地（4.68×10-5）>阳澄湖水源地（4.49×10-5）>太湖镇湖水源地（4.30×10-5）>太湖贡湖金墅湾水源地（4.14×10-5）>长江浏河口水源地（3.96×10-5）>太湖寺前水源地（3.95×10-5）>傀儡湖水源地（3.79×10-5）>尚湖水源地（3.77×10-5）>太湖渔洋山水源地（3.69×10-5）>太湖庙港水源地（3.46×10-5）>太湖北亭子港水源地（3.39×10-5）;按地区排序则为张家港市>工业园区>常熟市>相城区>高新区>太仓市>吴中区>姑苏区>昆山市>吴江区;致癌风险高于非致癌风险,且致癌风险需重点关注Cr（Ⅵ）和As,非致癌风险主要关注氟化物;总体上看,苏州市水源地的健康总风险处于USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险之内,属于比较安全的水源。     

常州饮用水源地挥发性有机物预警监控和健康风险评价研究

通过对2013年至2014年常州市魏村水厂和西石桥水厂饮用水源地水质自动监测站挥发性有机物在线分析仪的数据进行研究,并采用USEPA的暴露计算方法对常州市饮用水中挥发性有机物污染状况和健康风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,两个水源地所监测的挥发性有机物含量均符合生活饮用水标准,且整体年均非致癌和致癌风险均远低于USEPA推荐的限值,对人体危害微乎其微。而在最不利的情况下,两个饮用水源地水体非致癌和致癌风险均处在安全范围内。     

基于随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型的地下水环境健康风险评价研究

水环境健康风险评价在参数确定、暴露评估与风险表征过程中存在着不确定性因素,利用随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型（SS-TFN模型）进行水环境健康风险评价,降低了评价过程中人为因素的影响,有效提高评价结果的可靠性和科学性.本文将SS-TFN模型应用于盘锦市六个饮用水源地致癌物质经饮水途径的地下水环境健康风险评价中,结果表明：盘锦市六个饮用水源地的总致癌风险均超过致癌年风险率控制限值（1.0＆#215;10-5）;致癌物质造成的平均个人致癌年风险率由高到低排序：Cr6＋＞ As＞ Cd.盘锦市六个饮用水源地SS-TFN计算结果收敛时总的平均个人致癌年风险由高到低排列：大洼水源＞兴南水源＞兴一水源＞盘东水源＞高升水源＞石山水源.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.