硒和生物炭联合施用降低稻米甲基汞累积的研究

汞矿区土壤汞污染是造成水稻及其他作物中汞累积的主要原因,尤其是稻米中甲基汞的累积已成为当地居民甲基汞暴露的重要途径之一。本文针对含汞废水排放所造成的稻田汞污染情形,分别进行了模拟实验和盆栽试验,探究无机硒、生物炭、硒和生物炭联合施用对降低稻米甲基汞累积的作用效果。结果表明,无论向土壤中添加无机硒,还是生物炭,抑或是两者的组合均能有效降低土壤中甲基汞含量,且随着硒添加量的增加,其相应处理组土壤甲基汞含量不断降低。盆栽试验表明稻米中甲基汞含量因硒或生物炭的添加降低62%～73%（硒处理）、88%（生物炭处理）和90%～91%（硒+生物炭处理）,表明了硒和生物炭共同施用的作用效果要好于单独施用硒的作用效果。这种效果可能与生物炭降低了土壤中甲基汞的生物可利用性有关。总之,本研究为原位修复控制稻田汞污染风险提供了可能途径。     

含磷物质对水稻吸收土壤砷的影响

向砷(As)污染土壤中施用磷酸氢二钠(DSP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP),通过水稻盆栽试验研究含磷物质对水稻吸收土壤砷的影响.结果表明,DSP和HAP都显著增加了土壤pH值和土壤有效磷含量(P<0.05),活化了土壤中的砷,且DSP提高砷在土壤迁移的能力要强于HAP.DSP和HAP均使水稻根中总砷、糙米总砷、糙米无机砷含量显著降低,但HAP显著增加了水稻茎叶总砷含量.DSP和HAP降低糙米中无机砷的效果比总砷略好,DSP降低糙米中总砷和无机砷的效果与HAP基本相当.分析表明,水稻各器官中砷含量受磷砷拮抗作用和土壤中砷生物有效性增加这2个因素的影响,且在本试验条件下磷砷的拮抗作用在水稻根、糙米这两个部位中有明显体现.较低添加量(小于等于0.12 g·kg-1)的DSP和HAP使水稻总生物量和糙米产量有所增加,但随着添加量的继续增加,2种含磷物质明显抑制了水稻生长,且HAP的抑制作用相对较轻.     

壳聚糖改性生物炭对水稻土甲基汞生成及其稻米积累的影响

研究发现稻米易富集甲基汞（MeHg）,汞污染区稻米的食用也是人体MeHg暴露的一个重要途径.因此,如何抑制MeHg在稻田中的生成及其在稻米中的富集,是亟需解决的重要问题.为此,本文采用盆栽试验,通过对间隙水、土壤及水稻植株各组织汞含量的分析,探讨了添加壳聚糖改性生物炭对水稻生长期土壤MeHg生成及籽粒MeHg富集的影响.结果表明,添加壳聚糖改性生物炭后能明显降低土壤及间歇水中的总汞（THg）及MeHg含量,与对照相比,土壤中汞的甲基化率降低了51.1%~79.1%;水稻成熟时,添加壳聚糖改性生物炭处理（CMBC）水稻根部MeHg含量比未添加生物炭处理（CK1）低73.1%,比添加未改性生物炭处理（CK2）低62.0%;稻米MeHg含量比CK1低75.8%,比CK2低72.9%;添加生物炭能促进水稻生长,CMBC和CK2处理的植株生物量分别是CK1的1.6倍和1.7倍.盆栽模拟试验结果表明,壳聚糖改性生物炭在促进水稻生长的同时,可以抑制MeHg在稻米中的富集,有一定的推广应用价值.     

棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤-水稻中镉迁移转化的阻控作用

为研究棉花秸秆生物质炭添加对碱性水稻土壤-水稻体系中镉迁移转化的影响,通过室外盆栽试验,以水稻品种特丰优2号为试验材料,在添加外源镉含量为0、 1、 4和8 mg·kg^-1的碱性水稻土中分别施入炭土质量比分别为0%、 1%、 2.5%和5%的棉花秸秆生物质炭,待水稻收获后,分析不同含量镉胁迫处理下,施用不同量棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤pH、养分和水稻体内镉富集、转移情况及镉在土壤中的赋存形态的影响.结果表明:①添加棉秆炭可以显著提高土壤养分(P<0.05),其中5%量的棉秆炭添加后,相比于对照组土壤有机质增加了25.74～47.53%,速效钾提高了3.16～4.25倍.②施用生物质炭可以显著降低土壤及水稻体内镉含量(P<0.05),尤其5%量的棉秆炭施用后,Cd4和Cd8含量下糙米镉含量分别由0.31 mg·kg^-1和0.43 mg·kg^-1降低到0.15 mg·kg^-1和0.10 mg·kg^-1,达到国家标准范围.生物质炭可以显著降低镉在土壤-水稻体系的富集、转移系数,...     

秸秆及生物炭添加对猪粪沼渣施肥水稻重金属积累的影响

秸秆还田在重金属污染稻田中被广泛应用并日益推广,其对土壤中重金属生物有效性和水稻重金属吸收积累产生的影响不容忽视.本研究选用因连续10年以上施用生猪沼渣沼液而导致重金属超标的水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同的秸秆还田方式(直接还田或生物炭还田)与用量(0、1%、2%、4%和8%)对水稻重金属吸收积累的影响.结果表明,长期施用沼渣沼液可导致土壤重金属富集,其中,铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)含量高于国家土壤环境质量二级标准;秸秆或生物炭添加提高了水稻根或茎叶中重金属的截留,降低了籽粒中的积累;秸秆还田对于水稻Cu的吸收积累控制效果显著,添加1%、2%、4%和8%的秸秆分别使糙米中的Cu含量降低了35%、51%、64%和71%;生物炭添加对于控制水稻Cd的吸收积累效果显著,1%、2%、4%和8%生物炭添加量分别使水稻Cd的积累降低了21%、33%、36%和35%.对于Zn的吸收积累,两种还田方式均具有显著的控制效果;但在As污染稻田,秸秆直接还田应慎重,因为秸秆添加可显著提高糙米中As的积累.通过对比不同的秸秆还田量对控制糙米中重金属积累的效果,同时考虑该区域重金属的污染状况和还田成本,推荐在该施肥区域实施2%的秸秆直接还田.该研究将为水稻安全生产与农业废弃物循环利用提供理论与实践指导.     

不同生物炭对酸性农田土壤性质和作物产量的动态影响

为研究不同原料生物炭对农田土壤酸度、交换性能、磷素养分以及作物产量的综合动态影响,试验设置空白(CK)、水稻秸秆生物炭(RSB)、玉米秸秆生物炭(MSB)、小麦秸秆生物炭(WSB)、稻壳生物炭(RHB)和竹炭(BCB)这6种处理,生物炭按质量分数0.1%施入农田进行长期定点试验,测定水稻、油菜和玉米这3季作物产量和作物收割后的土壤理化性质.结果表明,添加不同原料生物炭可有效提高土壤pH和交换性能,降低交换性酸含量,作用效果随时间下降.生物炭对盐基离子组成的影响为提高交换性K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量,降低Na⁺含量.生物炭能不同程度地增加土壤有机质(SOM)、速效磷、总磷和无机磷(Al-P和Fe-P)含量,作物产量较当季对照显著提高(P<0.05),稻壳生物炭在改良酸性土壤理化性质和提高作物产量方面效果较好.     

干湿交替下生物炭添加对灰漠土CO2排放的影响

为探究干湿交替条件下，农田土壤CO₂排放对生物炭添加的响应特征及其影响因素，通过室外土柱模拟试验，在灰漠土中添加不同粒径棉花秸秆生物炭(<0.25 mm, M1; 0.25～1 mm, M2; 1～5 mm, M3;>5 mm, M4)和葡萄藤生物炭(<0.25 mm, P1; 0.25～1 mm, P2; 1～5 mm,P3;>5 mm, P4)，研究干湿交替下生物炭的类型、粒径对土壤CO₂排放特征的影响.结果表明，添加生物炭改变了土壤CO2排放速率，土壤CO₂累积排放量随棉花秸秆生物炭粒径的增加而降低，不同生物炭类型对土壤CO₂排放速率的影响存在极显著差异(p <0.001).在湿润阶段，棉花秸秆生物炭处理土壤CO₂累积排放量为20.67～28.26 g·m-2·d-1，与其相比，同一粒径下葡萄藤生物炭处理土壤CO₂累积排放量显著降低，降低了13.18%～28.83%；在干旱阶段，与对照处理相比，葡萄藤生物炭处理下土壤CO...     

不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷（As）和镉（Cd）复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效Cd含量降低34.77%~82.69%;猪粪堆肥和生物炭使土壤有效As含量显著提高,油菜秸秆和泥炭处理使土壤有效As含量显著降低;施用有机物料有助于水稻根表铁膜的形成,并使其中Cd、As含量分别提高17.73%~151.03%和28.49%~94.86%,使水稻糙米Cd含量降低15.87%~79.45%,As含量降低27.04%~82.51%,降幅以生物炭处理最大;有机物料还显著降低Cd在根-茎-叶-籽粒的转运系数及As从茎向籽粒转运系数.相关分析表明,土壤pH、有效Cd和铁膜Cd含量是影响籽粒Cd累积的主要因素,土壤pH、有机质和铁膜As含量是影响籽粒As累积的主要因素.有机物料通过改变土壤pH、有机质含量及铁膜中As和Cd含量,影响水稻对As和Cd的吸收和转运.     

典型土壤双季稻对Cd吸收累积差异

用盆栽试验方法研究典型土壤双季稻条件下水稻对Cd的吸收累积差异.选取典型水稻土黄泥田(板页岩母质发育)和麻砂泥(花岗岩母质发育),通过添加不同浓度梯度外源Cd,进行盆栽试验,研究双季稻不同生育期土壤有效态Cd(DTPACd)、水稻植株各部位以及糙米Cd累积情况.结果表明,双季稻晚稻生育期土壤有效态Cd大于早稻,黄泥田大于麻砂泥,其差异性均达极显著水平(P0.01).水稻植株各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)Cd累积量随外源Cd增加和生育期的延长而呈现递增的趋势.不同生育期、不同土壤水稻糙米与植株各器官Cd累积量差异显著,具体表现为:早稻小于晚稻,黄泥田小于麻砂泥.水稻各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)中Cd含量与土壤有效Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系.应用稻米Cd含量预测模型及水稻累积Cd的特征方程推算出土壤Cd安全阈值为:黄泥田早稻0.98 mg·kg~(-1)和晚稻:0.83 mg·kg~(-1);麻砂泥分别为0.86 mg·kg~(-1)和0.56 mg·kg~(-1).不同母质土壤的安全阈值与环境容量不同,其环境质量标准与污染修复控制措施应该有所区别.     

纳米级二氧化锰材料阻控土壤砷向水稻迁移的研究

为了探究纳米级二氧化锰材料阻控土壤中砷向水稻迁移的影响,通过盆栽种植水稻,向砷污染土壤中分别添加0%(CK)、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的纳米级二氧化锰材料,分析土壤溶液p H值、砷和锰的含量变化,及水稻中砷和锰的含量变化.结果表明:添加不同浓度的纳米级二氧化锰材料,土壤溶液pH值没有显著变化,土壤溶液中砷、锰的浓度随着水稻生长的时间增加而降低;不同时期水稻中砷和锰的分布规律是根部茎部叶部糙米,水稻植株中锰和砷的含量呈显著负相关(p0.05);不同浓度的纳米级二氧化锰材料能有效控制水稻糙米中总砷含量,其中1.0%添加量的阻控效果最好,使糙米中总砷含量降低了65.4%,其无机砷含量低于《食品中污染物限量(GB2762—2012)》中砷限量.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.